, 2009 and Presente et al., 2004), it is reasonable to speculate that activity-dependent Notch activation is also essential for synaptic function and information processing in flies and other animals. As we hope to have made evident throughout the course of this review, a great deal of exciting progress has been made in the study of Notch selleck chemicals llc in vertebrate nervous system in recent years. This is true with respect to both embryonic development, where a foundational understanding for Notch function has long existed, and adult neurogenesis and neuronal plasticity, where our grasp of the

role played by Notch is just beginning. The ongoing examination of Notch signaling in neurogenesis and neuronal function is likely to generate novel insight relevant to the nervous system, to other developing tissues and stem cell populations, to other settings in which Notch signaling functions, and, possibly, to the manipulation of NSCs and neurons for therapeutic purposes. We thank Angelika Doetzlhofer and Gary Struhl for suggestions regarding the manuscript. “
“Fusion of see more intracellular membrane stores with the plasma membrane (PM) governs the molecular composition

of the cell surface, influences cellular morphology, and allows for the release of soluble factors (Gundelfinger et al., 2003, Horton and Ehlers, 2003, Lippincott-Schwartz, 2004 and Sudhof, 2004). While constitutive Mephenoxalone exocytosis maintains the surface composition of integral PM proteins and lipids, many forms of exocytosis are regulated by molecular or electrical stimuli. The most intensely studied form of regulated exocytosis is neurotransmitter release triggered by electrical depolarization of presynaptic terminals (Söllner et al., 1993a and Sudhof, 2004). The exquisite sensitivity with which synaptic vesicle fusion can be measured and the robust biochemical preparations of synaptosomes, which harbor the requisite molecular machinery for vesicle fusion, have made this system the benchmark of regulated exocytosis (Blasi et al., 1993, Fried and Blaustein, 1976, Link et al., 1992 and Nicholls

and Sihra, 1986). The study of neurotransmitter release has led to the discovery and functional characterization of many key molecules required for exocytosis, including the soluble N-ethyl maleimide (NEM)-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor protein family (SNAREs), which are involved in nearly all forms of eukaryotic membrane fusion (Box 1) (Jahn and Scheller, 2006, Martens and McMahon, 2008, Söllner et al., 1993a and Söllner et al., 1993b). While there is an overwhelming abundance of literature on synaptic vesicle fusion in presynaptic terminals, much less is known about postsynaptic exocytosis, although it is increasingly recognized that exocytosis occurs from all dendrites and that dendritic membrane trafficking regulates diverse neuronal functions.