Indeed, most published data using rats to model PD come from young adults animal, 2–3 months of age. It was our intention to use this model to follow disease progression with noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging and mole-cular imaging using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The behavior and imaging studies were performed at the Center for Translational NeuroImaging at Northeastern University.

Biodegradable microspheres were prepared in Dr. Yagi’s laboratory at Scripps Research Institute, shipped on #selleck keyword# dry ice to Northeastern and used within a day or two or arrival. At the end of the 3-month-behavior and imaging studies, animals were sacrificed, transcardially perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde, the brains stored in cryoprotectant and shipped back to Dr. Yagi’s lab for histological analysis. The imaging data are not included Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in this study. In a pilot study, we started with 5-month-old Long–Evans male

rats weighing ca 450–500 g in accordance with the Marella publication. Two months later many of these animals exceed 600 g in body weight and outgrew the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical body restrainer and holders designed for awake animal imaging in the magnet. Consequently we decided to work with older but smaller, female Long–Evans rats ca 8–9 months of age and between 400 and 450 g of body weight. Over the 3 months following rotenone or vehicle treatment these animals grew to between 425 and 500 g in body weight. However, because estrogen is reported to be protective in different animal models of PD

(Dluzen 1997; Leranth et al. 2000; Gao and Dluzen 2001) we ovariectomized Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical animals 2 weeks before rotenone microsphere injection. Consequently this model examines disease progression in ovariectomized rats up to almost 1 year of age. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical This study with ovariectomized aged rats was repeated three times. The first time was a pilot with four animals per vehicle and rotenone treated groups. The second time was a larger study with eight animals per vehicle and rotenone groups. The third time was another pilot of four animals per group but included a third experimental condition of rotenone plus FAAH (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor to evaluate the use of a pharmacotherapeutic to block disease progression (data not shown). In all three studies, animals were sacrificed between 10 and 12 weeks postrotenone or vehicle. The histological data for vehicle and rotenone treated animals were similar as reported for each molecular and cellular CGP057148B marker. Test statistics The statistical Carfilzomib comparisons between control and rotenone treated animals for measures of motor behavior and body weights over time were done with a two-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc tests. Digitized brain images were captured using a charge-coupled-device camera (XC-77; Sony, Tokyo, Japan). The density of striatal dopaminergic fibers was analyzed using Image J software (version 1.63; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD).