Therefore, we carried out supernatant transfer experiments under conditions in which the synthetic TLR-2 agonist was washed from cells prior to supernatant conditioning. Supernatants conditioned for 6 h were sufficient to induce CD1a expression on fresh monocytes (Fig. 3C), although the percentage of cells expressing CD1 was lower than the percentage of CD1-positive cells treated directly with the TLR agonists. This decrement is expected because buy OTX015 factors may be consumed during conditioning and were diluted during transfer. Thus, TLR-2 agonists work

via mechanism that requires only minutes of TLR stimulation but plays out over 3 days in a process that involves cell to cell transfer of

host factors. To identify the host factors, we first screened conditioned supernatants using a multiplex bead-based cytokine array. Consistent with known patterns of TLR-2 dependent cytokine secretion 26, 41, we detected increased levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α, High Content Screening and we also found GM-CSF in monocyte supernatants. Using recombinant cytokines, we found that GM-CSF or IL-1β were sufficient to induce CD1a, CD1b and CD1c expression (Fig. 4A,C and data not shown). Quantitative ELISA detection showed that both GM-CSF and IL-1β were detected in conditioned supernatants within the dose range at which recombinant cytokines activate CD1a expression (∼100–500 pg/mL), consistent with the conclusion that both contribute to CD1 induction (Fig. 4A–C, Supporting Information Fig. S1 and data not shown). The role of GM-CSF in CD1 induction has been previously observed with recombinant cytokines 12 or mycobacterial infection 17, so we considered this a confirmatory result, while extending the range of pathogens that work via this mechanism. We undertook more detailed studies of IL-1β because it is

a key mediator of innate immunity that occurs downstream of TLRs, potentially providing insight in the pathways that connect TLR ligation to CD1 induction. Also, the potential role of IL-1β in CD1 gene regulation was not previously known and therefore represented a new adjuvant for activating the CD1 system. In our study, the CD1a induction was seen in response to two preparations of recombinant mature IL-1β (17Kd) that were free of detectable Obeticholic Acid order lipopolysaccharide (data not shown). Also, anti-IL-1β blocked CD1a induction, demonstrating that IL-1β was the only active component in the recombinant cytokine preparation (Supporting Information Fig. S1). Measurement of surface expression of all three group 1 was upregulated from trace to high levels in a dose-dependent fashion by IL-1β (Fig. 4C), whereas the group 2 CD1 protein (CD1d) was unaffected (Fig. 4C). Further, IL-1β induction of group 1 proteins increased activation of CD1a autoreactive T cells (Supporting Information Fig. S2).