Therefore, enhanced Akt transcription reflects increased sugar metabolism in diapause destined pupal brain, and Akt participates in the regulation of energy reserves and in response to environmental stress at the onset of dia pause. Calmodulin signaling, which is involved in the regula tion of neuronal development and plasticity, is down regulated at diapause initiation in H. armigera. In this study, CaMK II, which modulates synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory, was down regu lated. ArgK was also down regulated at diapause initia tion, and high expression of ArgK, which is a developmental signal, was closely correlated with pupal development. Thus, down regulation of CaMK II and ArgK may cause developmental arrest at diapause initiation. Cell cycle During diapause, the cell cycle is arrested in the embryo of B.

mori and in the brains of S. crassipalpis and Chymomyza costata. Cyclin dependent Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries kinase 8 is a kinase partner of cyclin C, interacts Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries with the large subunit of RNA polymerase II, and then participates in the regulation of the G1 S transition of mitosis. More than 97% of the brain cells become arrested in the G0 G1 phase in the diapause pupae of Carfilzomib S. crassipalpis. Proteomic analysis of Sitodiplosis mosellana has found a strong up regulation of inhibitor of nuclear fac tor kappa Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries B kinase interacting protein isoform 2 during diapause, which contributes to inhibiting cell division during diapause. Therefore, cyclin depen dent kinase 8 and five other transcripts down regulated in the brain at diapause initiation may cause cell cycle arrest, inducing the insect to enter diapause.

Transcription and translation Transcription and translation are two major energetic costs in cellular development. To reduce energy con sumption, many genes are silenced during diapause. In this study, several genes involved in the Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries regulation of transcription and translation were identified. The down regulation of transcription factor PLAG1 may result in the modulation of downstream target genes. The down regulation of elongation factor 1 delta indicates that translation is also suppressed at diapause initiation. In addition, some transcripts of proteins involved in transcription were up regulated at diapause initiation, HarDP C1098 is homologous to Drosophila CG8378, which contains the conserved MYND and SET domains found in human Smyd homologues. Drosophila Smyd represses transcription. Smt3 is a reversible post translational protein modifier that usually represses the activity of transcriptional activators. Thus, we conclude that the down regulation of PLAG1 and elongation factor 1 delta and the up regulation of transcriptional repressors and SUMO lead to the global down regulation of transcription and translation at dia pause initiation.