This in turn would lead to a reduction in the clinical doses of the conventional cytotoxic agents required for chemotherapy, ultimately demonstrating a striking reduction in dose-dependent adverse effects in the oncology patient. Presently, this does not mean that nanotechnology-based translational therapies are not fraught with challenges, such as biocompatibility issues of the nanoparticle components and the level of complexity required for cost-effectively translating these novel therapies to the patient bedside. However, it is the firm belief of the authors that through constant accumulation Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of marginal gains in knowledge, derived from persistent and motivated

researchers on a global scale, will ultimately overcome such scientific hurdles, thus nanoparticle-based drug delivery aided therapies will eventually become commonplace in the oncology clinic in the near future. Acknowledgment The authors would like Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to thank Dr. Jennifer Logan (University of Manchester, UK) for the initial design of Figure 1 utilised in this paper.
Small interfering RNA’s (siRNAs) are short double-stranded nucleic acids, commonly containing 19–21 residues Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and 3′-dinucleotide overhangs, which are widely used as synthetic reagents to reduce gene expression of target RNA in cells [1] and hence prevent the synthesis of specific proteins [2]. siRNAs are being developed to target therapeutically

important genes involved in cancer, viral infections, autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases [3]. However, these short double-stranded Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical nucleic acids are unstable within the extracellular environment, they

cannot cross cell membranes and due to their small size are readily secreted by the renal system [2, 4]. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Progress to overcome some of these obstacles has been made using viral and synthetic vectors [5–10]. However, there is no universally accepted method for siRNA delivery, since all vectors exhibit limitations [11]. A good carrier must meet several requirements: (a) facile formation of a complex with siRNA, (b) crossing of the cell membrane, (c) the complex must be Edoxaban released in the cytoplasm from endosomes and release its siRNA cargo, and (d) the carrier has to be nontoxic [11]. Since siRNAs have large negative charge densities, polycationic carriers such as poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) have been shown to be good transfection vehicles, however, high-charge densities seem to make this type of materials toxic to most cell lines [12]. An additional quality, click here especially for in vivo delivery, is that the material should target the desired tissue, and for this, magnetofection has shown potential [13]. Several studies have demonstrated that magnetofection can efficiently deliver siRNA to living cells cultivated in vitro [14–16], and it appears to be a reliable and gentle method for siRNA and DNA delivery into difficult to transfect cells such as mammalian fibroblasts [17].