To further demonstrate concordance as a complete system, the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) performed an initial concordance study comparing genotypes from 652 unrelated individuals using a pre-release PowerPlex® Fusion System to commercially available PowerPlex® 16 HS and PowerPlex® 21 Systems and further compared to AmpFLSTR® NGM™, Identifiler™, YFiler™, Profiler®, Minifiler™ and Sinofiler™ PCR Amplification Kits (Life Technologies™), and Investigator® ESSplex Plus and IDplex Plus systems (Qiagen). At its commercial release a minor change check details was made to the D16S539 primers. A confirmatory concordance study was performed

using a subset of 182 African-American samples. Samples were selleck chemical detected using an Applied Biosystems® 3130 Series Genetic Analyzer with a 1 kV 3 s injection for the original sample set and 2kv 5 s injection for the confirmatory sample set. Three discordant calls out of 39,198 alleles tested were observed at amelogenin, D7S820, and D22S1045. No discordances were observed at D16S539 with the updated primers. One discordant sample generated Y, Y results at amelogenin with the PowerPlex® Fusion System and all other systems except Investigator® ESSplex Plus and IDplex Plus. In the second sample, sequencing confirmed 8 and 11 alleles at D7S820. The 8, 11 genotype was

generated using the PowerPlex® 16 and Minifiler™ systems. However, the PowerPlex® Fusion, Profiler®, Sinofiler™, and PowerPlex® 21 systems produced an 8, 9.3 genotype. A deletion is suspected between the primer binding sites of the two sets of systems. Finally, a previously unknown discordance was observed at D22S1045. Well balanced

14, 17 alleles were amplified using the PowerPlex® ESI and ESX Systems. In contrast, amplification using the PowerPlex® Fusion System yielded a severely imbalanced 14 allele. The PowerPlex® Fusion System is suitable for comparison with science previously gathered profiles from multiple systems, as the observed discordances were rare and unique. Allele calls rely on similar migration between the sample and allelic ladder standard. Therefore, migration and sizing precision must be consistent and within the bin window for accurate allele calls. To demonstrate precision, allelic ladders were detected at five sites on Applied Biosystems® 3130 and 3500 Series Genetic Analyzers and an Applied Biosystems® 3730 DNA Analyzer. This study addressed typical sources of variability such as differences between capillaries and injections. Standard deviations in sizing were calculated for each allele. The maximum standard deviation of an allele was 0.1 bases on the 3130xl and 3500xl Genetic Analyzers ( Fig. 4 and Supplemental Fig. 8).