Pregnant women who reported living in the United States for their entire lives had 38% (95% CI: − 0.1, 89.3; p = 0.05) and 35% (95% CI: 2.6, 78.0; p = 0.03) higher uncorrected and specific gravity-corrected AZD2281 manufacturer urinary BPA concentrations, respectively, compared with women who reported living in the United States for 5 years or less. Additionally, women who reported drinking at least three sodas per day had approximately 58% (95% CI: 18.0, 112.1; p = 0.002) and 41% (95% CI: 9.9, 80.9; p = 0.01) higher uncorrected and specific gravity-corrected urinary BPA concentrations,

respectively, compared with women who did not consume soda. Compared with women who reported not consuming any hamburgers, women who reported eating hamburgers three times

per week or more had 20% (95% CI: − 0.2, 45.2; p = 0.05) and 17.3% (95% CI: 0.5, 36.9; p = 0.04) higher uncorrected and specific gravity-corrected urinary BPA concentrations, respectively. Lastly, we observed that for every one-hour increase in sample collection time, there was a 3% (95% CI: 0.3, 6.0; p = 0.03 and 95% CI: 0.8, 5.8; p = 0.01 for uncorrected and specific gravity-corrected concentrations, respectively) increase in urinary BPA concentrations. Results were similar when we restricted our analysis to women with no missing covariate data (i.e., no imputed covariates) and when we included collection time as a categorical variable based on potential meal times (i.e., higher BPA concentrations

selleck screening library Amino acid were observed as samples were collected later in the day and associations with other predictor variables were largely unchanged). When we evaluated the relationship between time spent living in the United States and significant dietary predictors, we observed that there was a higher percentage of women who reported consuming sodas (> 1 soda/day vs. no sodas) and hamburgers (≥ 1 time per week vs. ≤ 1–3 times per month) in women who reported living in the United States their entire lives compared with women who had lived less time in the country (Fig. 1). We observed significantly higher BPA concentrations with longer residence in the United States among pregnant women of Mexican descent. Pregnant women who consumed more servings of soda and hamburgers also had higher BPA concentrations. Urinary BPA concentrations from samples collected twice during pregnancy varied greatly, with high within- versus between-woman variability, and seemed to be marginally higher in samples collected in the afternoon/evening hours. The higher BPA concentrations in pregnant women in our study who lived in the United States their entire lives compared with recent immigrants may reflect differences in diet that accompany U.S. acculturation.