The objective of this research is to identify scenarios and locations that are particularly vulnerable to high-volume withdrawals of water and may require further evaluation should water permits be requested. A simulated range of development scenarios demonstrate how varying well pad density, water

source, and water volume might affect the groundwater–surface water systems in the Southern Tier of New York. The importance of this research lies in its application to all stakeholders in the HVHF controversy currently underway in New York. Not only will policy makers and regulators benefit from the predictive capacity of computer modeling, but industry, community members and interest groups can better understand how a water quantity perspective is valuable for sustainable energy development. Hydraulic fracturing is a Selleckchem Obeticholic Acid process that involves the injection of water into the subsurface in order to fracture tight geologic formations. Fracturing creates pathways through which trapped natural gas flows freely into a well and is subsequently harnessed for energy. The combination of hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling has led to the growing viability of unconventional shale plays (U.S. Department of Energy, 2009). Horizontal drilling refers to the lateral drilling of a well bore through a target formation. This allows access to a greater volume of gas-bearing rock,

making such drilling ventures economically feasible (Soeder, 2010). In HVHF, large volumes of water in addition to proppants and other additives serve as the fracturing Lapatinib mouse fluid. The fluid injection and fracturing process progresses in stages along the horizontal extent of the well, with each horizontal Verteporfin in vitro well requiring between 1 and 5 million gallons of water (Gregory et al., 2011). Only a fraction of injected fluid actually returns to the surface – referred to as flowback – with the unreturned volume remaining in the subsurface. This fraction can vary greatly

between wells, company, and target formation with an estimated average of 10–40% flowback (Maloney and Yoxtheimer, 2012, NYSDEC, 2011 and Rassenfoss, 2011). In arid climates, where freshwater supply is limited, the quantity of water use associated with HVHF is of concern (Nicot and Scanlon, 2012). In humid climates, where freshwater supply is less emphasized in water resource management, increased water demand associated with HVHF is only beginning to receive recognition (Rahm and Riha, 2012). This is in part due to mass balance or water budget approaches in quantifying the impacts of HVHF water demands. Nicot and Scanlon (2012) estimate water use associated with HVHF is less than 1% of water use in Texas, but may account for larger fractions of water use at the county scale. For example, within the Barnett Shale play in Texas, the 2008 fraction of shale gas water use in the counties of Denton, Johnson, Parker, Tarrant, and Wise was 2.8%, 29%, 10%, 1.4%, and 19%, respectively (Nicot and Scanlon, 2012).