of rain between August 27 and 29. We sampled on September 4th, 2011 (Fig. 2). A relatively dry early spring during 2012, combined with less than average rainfall during summer months, resulted in summer drought conditions across much of the U.S. By late August in the

Adirondack Region, abnormally dry to drought conditions were recorded (www.droughtmonitor.unl.edu/) and the discharge in local rivers fell. We sampled on August 27th, 2012 after ten days or more of little to no rain in the drainage basin (Fig. 2; Supplemental Table 2). Water samples were collected Selleck BTK inhibitor on two different occasions from seventeen localities (Supplemental Table 2) along the Raquette River from Utowana Lake along the Marion River (tributary to Raquette Lake) to Massena Springs near its confluence with the St. Lawrence River. A total of 44 samples, including those used to monitor quality control, were analyzed. Sampling sites were selected for legal access (public lands) and spaced at approximately equal intervals as much as possible (Figure 1). Because much of the Raquette River is located in remote areas without road access, some sections of the river have wider sample spacing than others (e.g. Long Lake to Axton Landing). Care was taken to avoid areas with eddies, stagnant waters, anthropogenic structures (excepting dams) where possible, and where disturbance of the bottom

sediments was likely. Samples analyzed for this study were collected on two different dates, approximately one year apart, by reoccupying before the same sampling sites. The sampling dates were selected to represent near peak Sirolimus manufacturer discharge conditions (stormflow) related to precipitation that fell in the Raquette River drainage basin during Tropical Storm Irene (September 4th, 2011) and baseflow conditions associated with an extended period of drought (August 27th, 2012). Samples were collected in pre-cleaned and metals-certified, plastic 150 mL Wheaton Clean-pak® containers which were filled directly from the river at a depth of ∼5 cm. Samples were sealed and placed in a plastic cooler with ice packs. A dedicated plastic beaker was utilized to measure

select physical and chemical parameters including water temperature (TH2OTH2O), specific conductivity, pH, and dissolved oxygen. The beaker was immersed in the river and successively filled and emptied three times downriver from the sampling site before measurements were taken. These parameters were measured by dedicated probes controlled by a Vernier Labpro interfaced to a TI-84 handheld calculator running EasyData® 4.0. All data, including time of sampling, was noted in a standard geological field book. Along with the samples, trip and method blanks, and duplicate water samples were collected and analyzed. All samples were run with a certified lake water standards (cations: TMDA-70, Environment Canada) and certified prepared standards for anions (Fluka).