The improvement of symptoms correlates with enhanced plasma ghrelin levels. Apart from the need for more trials on this topic, these findings may give insight into the underlying pathophysiology of FD symptoms. Recent reports suggest that the presence of bacterial DNA in the oral cavity may be relevant to its transmission. A potential protective

role of H. pylori on inflammatory bowel diseases needs to be better elucidated. Helicobacter pylori has been the subject of intense investigation since its culture from a gastric biopsy in 1982. Declining H. pylori prevalence rates resulted in a decrease of peptic ulcer bleeding incidence. Moreover, eradication reduces peptic ulcer recurrence rate. New studies confirm

that H. pylori eradication lowers the risk of recurrent peptic ulcer bleeding. Guidelines therefore advocate a test-and-treat PD-1 antibody inhibitor strategy for patients with a history of ulcer bleeding and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and/or aspirin find protocol use. There is mounting evidence that H. pylori status has no effect on symptoms and treatment efficacy in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Some studies observed an improvement of GERD complaints after H. pylori eradication, which underlines that H. pylori treatment is not contraindicated in patients with GERD. The exact role of H. pylori in functional dyspepsia (FD) remains controversial. However, there is growing consensus that H. pylori-positive FD should be assessed Fenbendazole as a separate entity. In these patients, eradication can be beneficial and appropriate. At least several studies suggest that H. pylori infection may also be associated with beneficial effects for the host [1]. In this article, we will

analyze the main data published between April 2013 and March 2014 on this topic including a potential relationship of the bacterium with oral cavity environment and a possible interference with intestinal diseases. The relationship between H. pylori infection and peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and also peptic ulcer bleeding (PUB) has been extensively studied. Recently, Boylan et al. conducted a prospective cohort study of 47,120 men enrolled in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (mean age of 54 years at baseline). Authors concluded that in a large prospective cohort of male health professionals, central and total obesity were associated with increased risk of peptic ulcer, and in particular gastric and H. pylori-negative ulcers [2]. Prahbu and Shivani analyzed 14,036 references concerning PUD, of which 1000 references were kept [3]. Authors concluded that in an area where general practitioners are the first contact for the patients, a substantial reduction or judicious use of NSAIDs helps in reducing gastroduodenal ulcers. In endoscopically proven cases of gastroduodenal ulcers, therapy for H. pylori eradication is mandatory.