aureus. BMC Microbiol 2009, 9:106.PubMedCrossRef 10. Trampuz A, Steinhuber A, Wittwer M, Leib SL: Rapid diagnosis of experimental meningitis by bacterial heat production in cerebrospinal fluid. BMC Infect Dis 2007, 7:116.PubMedCrossRef 11. Trampuz A, Salzmann S, Antheaume J, Daniels AU: Microcalorimetry: a novel method for detection of microbial contamination in platelet products. Transfusion 2007,47(9):1643–1650.PubMedCrossRef 12. Braissant O, Wirz D, Göpfert B, Daniels

AU: Use of isothermal microcalorimetry to monitor microbial activities. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2010, 303:1–8.PubMedCrossRef 13. Antheaume J, Salzmann S, Steinhuber A, Frei R, Daniels A, Trampuz A: Microcalorimetry – a novel method for rapid diagnosis of bloodstream infections [abstract O103]. 17th ECCMID/25th ICC abstracts – abstracts of the 17th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, and check details 25th International Congress of Chemotherapy. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007,29(Suppl 1):S22. Authors’ contributions DCZ carried out bacterial cultures and inocula preparation, data processing and analysis. CI carried out microDSC experiments and data processing. ATS carried out microDSC experiments and data processing. AAM carried out bacterial cultures and

inocula preparation, microDSC experiments and data processing and analysis. OB carried out bacterial cultures and inocula preparation, microDSC experiments and data processing and analysis. VTP initiated and conceived this study, designed and Cepharanthine supervised microDSC experiments and data analysis. MIP initiated and conceived this study, designed and supervised bacterial growth. MAB initiated selleck kinase inhibitor and conceived this study,

supervised the preparation of the manuscript. All authors participated in drafting of the manuscript and approved its final form.”
“Background Lactate is a major product of anaerobic metabolism. D-, L, and DL-lactic acid can be utilized by anaerobic and aerobic microorganisms as a carbon and energy source. Propionibacteria preferentially ferment L-lactate to propionate, acetate and carbon dioxide [1], Eubacterium hallii ferments both lactate isomers to butyrate in the human colon [2], while D-lactate is fermented to acetate by sulfate-reducing bacteria such as Desulfovibrio vulgaris [3], or to butyrate by e.g. Clostridium indolis-related strains isolated from human feces [2]. D-lactic acidosis in humans, which can lead to neurotoxicity and cardiac arythmia, is associated with an imbalance of production and degradation of D-lactate by the colonic microbiome [4]. D-lactate oxidizing enzymes have been described in eukaryotes and bacteria [5–8]. In Escherichia coli two membrane associated oxidizing lactate dehydrogenases are known. LldD is specific for L-lactate and is not able to oxidize D-lactate as substrate, meanwhile the second Lactate dehydrogenase Dld shows high affinity to D-lactate but also low affinity activity with L-lactate.