1 m phosphate buffer. Then, the brain was extracted and postfixed for 24 h, and coronal sections (40 μm) were cut through the entire dentate gyrus of the left hemisphere

with a vibratome. Every 12th section was collected and mounted on a slide. BrdU peroxidase staining was performed as described previously (for a detailed protocol; Anderson et al., 2011). A Cresyl Violet counterstain was used, as follows: rinse with dH2O; soak in 0.1% Cresyl Violet for 4–10 min; rinse with dH2O; rinse with 70% EtOH supplemented with a few drops of acetic acid; rinse with 95% EtOH followed by 100% EtOH; soak in xylene for 4 min; soak in clean xylene for > 1 min; and coverslip. From the stained slides, estimates of total numbers of BrdU-labeled cells were obtained with a modified unbiased stereology protocol (West et al., 1991; Waddell learn more & Shors, 2008). In

essence, the Selleckchem Copanlisib numbers of BrdU-labeled cells in the granule cell layer and the hilus were counted at × 100 on a Nikon Eclipse 80i light microscope from every 12th unilateral section throughout the dentate gyrus (one slide per rat, a total of 10 slices, 6.3–1.8 mm posterior to bregma; Paxinos & Watson, 1998). The experimenters were unaware of the experimental conditions when counting the cells. The number of cells was multiplied by 24 to obtain an estimate of the total number of BrdU-labeled cells in the hippocampus. Numerous studies from our group and others have shown that up to 80% of cells labeled with BrdU in the granule cell layer mature into neurons when assessed with markers such as doublecortin (Sisti et al., 2007; Waddell & Shors, 2008), NeuN (Leuner et al., 2007, 2010), or TuJ1 (Cameron & McKay, 2001; Leuner et al., 2007, 2010). The right hemisphere was used to assess the location of the heptaminol electrode tip. The tissue was sectioned (40 μm), and slices were mounted on slides and stained with Cresyl Violet. The location of the electrode tip was verified under the same light microscope at × 40. Electrode

locations are shown in Fig. S2. pasw (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical analyses. Repeated measures anovas and t-tests were used to analyse differences between groups and changes across time. Whenever an interaction was detected, separate anovas for treatment groups were conducted. Results for the effects of chemotherapy on neurogenesis in adult male rats are summarised in Fig. 2. Three rats were excluded from the analysis because of complications in sectioning the brain or staining the slides. To first assess the effects of chemotherapy on neurogenesis in the rat dentate gyrus (Figs 1A and 2A), TMZ (25 mg/kg) or saline was injected systemically in a cyclic manner for 4 weeks. To label dividing cells generated during treatment, BrdU was injected (200 mg/kg; once daily for a total of three times) during the first cycle.