185 Recently, it has been shown that Dicer is activated

by proteolytic cleavage under conditions of elevated calcium levels68,124 and eIF2C undergoes reversible phosphorylation within cells, which is required for its translocation to processing bodies.186 The phosphorylation of eIF2C appears to be due to activation of ERK1/2.186 Since we have shown abnormalities in calcium-sensing proteins and ERK1/2 signaling in the brain of MDD subjects,187-190 it will be worthwhile to ask whether Dicer cleavage patterns or eIF2C phosphorylation are altered in the MDD group. One can also examine whether there is any genetic link between miRNA and MDD. Such genetic linkage has been reported in specific miRNAs in Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical schizophrenia.191 The development of miRNAs as biomarkers Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical for MDD pathogenesis will be an important step in detecting MDD pathogenesis. In this regard, blood cell studies will be critical. The miRNA findings in these cells of MDD subjects so far have been very exciting, and indicate the possibility of developing biomarkers in a noninvasive manner. Also, the blood expressed

miRNAs can be expanded to monitor antidepressant response. Much work, however, is needed in this direction, since miRNAs may be expressed differently in various blood cell types. In addition, whether miRNAs in a specific blood cell-type truly represent brain-derived miRNAs, is unclear at the present time. In this regard, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical measuring miRNAs in exosomes may be an alternate and better approach.192,193 Acknowledgments The research was supported by grants from National Institute of Mental Health

(R01MH082802, R21MH081099, R21MH091509, 1R01MH101890, 1R01MH0100616), Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, and University of Illinois at Chicago Clinical and click here Translational Sciences National supported Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical by the Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health (grant number UL1TR000050). Selected abbreviations and acronyms Ago Argonaute DGCR8 DiGeorge syndrome critical region 8 eIF eukaryotic translation initiation factor FMRP fragile X mental retardation protein GR glucocorticoid Isotretinoin receptor HuB Hu protein B LH learned helplessness LTP long-term potentiation MDD major depressive disorder miRNA microRNA NLH nonlearned helplessness PACT protein kinase R (PKR)-activating protein pre-miRNA precursor miRNA pri-miRNA primary miRNA RISC RNA-induced silencing complex TRBP HIV-1 transactivating response RNA-binding protein
Henri Marie Laborit was born in Hanoi, French Indochina, in 1914. His father, a physician and officer in the French colonial troops, died from tetanus in 1920. In spite of the sequelae of tuberculosis, which he had contracted at the age of 12, Laborit obtained a baccalaureate in Paris and passed the exams of the School of Naval Medicine in Bordeaux. His first practice was as a Navy physician, but, eager for better recognition, he turned to surgery.