, 1982). These were selected Ceritinib clinical trial because they had the highest factor loadings in a study with a comparable sample (Unger, unpublished data). A sample item was, ��Family members feel very close to each other.�� Higher scores represent more cohesion (Cronbach��s �� = .77). Family Conflict Family conflict was measured with six items from FACES II (Olson et al., 1982). These were selected because they had the highest factor loadings in a study with a comparable sample (Unger, unpublished data). A sample item was, ��We have difficulty thinking of things to do as a family.�� Response choices ranged from 1 = almost never to 6 = almost always. Higher scores represent more family conflict (Cronbach��s �� = .69). Familismo Four items assessed familismo.
Three of the items came from the familismo scale described by Sabogal, Mar��n, Otero-Sabogal, & Mar��n (1987), and one item from the familismo scale described by Cu��llar et al. (1995). The four items had the highest factor loadings in an earlier study (Unger et al., 2002). Youth indicated (1 = definitely no to 4 = definitely yes) the likelihood of their families engaging in family-oriented behaviors. Higher scores represent greater familismo (Cronbach��s �� = .79). Respeto Four items assessed respeto. A sample item included ��It is important to honor my parents.�� Youth indicated their agreement on a 4-point scale (1 = definitely no to 4 = definitely yes) (Cronbach��s �� = .89). Traditional Gender Roles Seven items assessed traditional gender roles. Items came from the MACCSF (Cu��llar et al., 1995).
They were selected because they had the highest factor loadings. Adolescents indicated (1 = strongly disagree to 4 = strongly agree) their agreement with statements such as, ��Boys should not be allowed to play with dolls and other girls�� toys.�� Higher scores reflect more traditional gender roles (Cronbach��s �� = .80). Fatalismo Four items assessed fatalismo. Items came from the MACCSF (Cu��llar et al., 1995). They were selected because they had the highest factor loadings on their respective scales and did not load highly on other scales. Youth indicated the degree (1 = definitely no to 4 = definitely yes) to which they endorsed fatalistic beliefs: ��It��s more important to enjoy life now than to plan for the future.�� Higher scores denote more fatalismo (Cronbach��s �� = .78).
Past-30-Day Smoking One item assessed youth��s smoking: ��During the past 30 days, on how many days did you smoke cigarettes?�� Responses were rated on a 7-point scale (1 = Anacetrapib 0 days, 2 = 1 or 2 days, 3 = 3 to 5 days, 4 = 6 to 9 days, 5 = 10 to 19 days, 6 = 20 to 29 days, 7 = all 30 days). We recoded responses to 0 days versus all other due to skewed distributions. Adult Smoking One question assessed adult smoking: ��Think of the two (2) adults that you spend the most time with. How many of them smoke cigarettes every day or most days?�� Response options included none or 0, 1 of them, and 2 of them.