5). Attempts to extract the fluorescent peptides deposited in the eggs were only partially successful. Invariably, most of the fluorescence was maintained in the pellets after Galunisertib clinical trial homogenization and centrifugation (data not shown). Inspections of the pellets showed that the fluorescence was associated with the egg shell. In order to separate the fragments of the vicilins putatively produced in the fat body and transported to the eggs, we decided to homogenate the genitalia of adults and the freshly laid eggs. The presence of a vicilin derived peptide in the genitalia of C. maculatus adults and in the eggs was confirmed by separation

of a band from SDS–PAGE with Rf similar to the band recognized by the anti-vicilin polyclonal antibody followed by determination of partial sequence by using mass spectrometry ( Fig. 6). The recognition of vicilin fragments with similar electrophoretical migration suggests that the same form of

the vicilin fragments was maintained following partial proteolysis in the fat body and subsequent incorporation in the genitalia of both sexes and in the eggs. The absorption of intact proteins across the midgut epithelium of insects has received limited attention until recently, but a growing number of papers have confirmed that this phenomenon is much more common than previously documented (review by Jeffers and Roe, 2008). Despite of the potential use of absorbable proteins as a promising method for delivering insecticides into the haemocoel of target insects (Casartelli

et al., selleck chemicals 2005, Jeffers and Roe, 2008 and Fiandra et al., 2009), the studies about absorption of proteins in insects is in its infancy and one of the less understood aspects of this process is its adaptive value. We have demonstrated that C. maculatus larvae absorb intact vicilin molecules through their midgut epithelium and that vicilin is partially degraded in the fat body ( Uchôa et al., 2006). More recently, we demonstrated that vicilin-derived peptides can be found in the fat body of both females and males and aminophylline in the eggs ( Souza et al., 2010). As vicilin-derived peptides have been associated to fungicidal and fungistatic activities, we proposed that the deposition of vicilin peptides may function as a component of the humoral defensive arsenal of the eggs. However, as the males do not lay eggs, why do they emerge from the seed host with vicilin in their fat bodies? Our hypothesis was that males may transfer the vicilin peptides to the females during copulation. This type of transfer of chemical substances from males to females during copulation is known as seminal nuptial gift ( Vahed, 1998, Gilliot, 2003 and Gwynne, 2008). C. maculatus females, like females of many insect species, mate with more than one male (polyandry). Two broader hypothesis aim to explain why females take multiple mates: material and genetic benefits ( Arnqvist and Nilsson, 2000, Jennions and Petrie, 2000 and Tseng et al., 2007).