Although the role of the DRD2 gene in antipsychotic response is not conclusive, these findings are of particular interest since D2 is the main target of antipsychotics.16 5-HT2A is proposed to be involved in the unique therapeutic action of clozapine.17 Two studies with sufficient statistical power have

demonstrated a role for the structural 5-FIT2A His452Tyr polymorphism in predicting clozapine response.18,19 Navitoclax Significant associations have also been described in at least a dozen other genes, such as DRD3, DRD4, 5-HT1A, 5-HT2C, 5-HT6, 5-HTT, BDNF, COMT, GNB3, MDR1, MTHFR, NEF3, NRG1, RGS4 and TNF-alpha. 2,20,21 Of note, the first whole genome-wide Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical association study of antipsychotic drug response was recently conducted by Sullivan et al.21 This approach involves no a priori hypotheses of candidate Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical genes or gene variants, and as a result makes it difficult to interpret the significance of results in the context of adequately controlling for multiple variable testing. No significant findings have been reported thus far. Also of note, only a few studies have tested for a direct association between CYP450 gene polymorphisms and drug response. These have yielded mostly negative results.2,22 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Overall, some interesting

findings exist in the area of genetics and antipsychotic response. However, many associations are not conclusive and represent a small fraction of the total variance of treatment outcome. Because the entire genome and candidate gene Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical variability have not been fully explored, more robust observations are expected with the utilization of DNA sequencing techniques. The category

“treatment response” may be too broad an outcome measure in genetic studies of heterogeneous conditions. Studies that target specific symptoms, such as neurocognitive Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and verbal memory scores, may yield more convincing findings.21,23 Genetics of antipsychotic-induced side effects Antipsychotics can induce a variety of side effects, such as involuntary movements (eg, tardive dyskinesia) and weight gain, both of which appear to be genetically determined.24,25 Compared with phenotypes like treatment response, an analysis of genetic factors associated Oxalosuccinic acid with side effects may offer several advantages. First, side effects are often more closely related to plasma levels, which can sometimes be predicted by gene variants involved in drug metabolism. Second, compared with treatment response the occurrence of side effects maybe more closely related to specific pharmacodynamic relevant receptors. Third, some side effects such as weight gain can be assessed more easily and reliably as compared with complex phenotypes, such as treatment response. In a prototypical study of its time, Pollock et al26 prospectively distinguished poor P450 2D6 metabolizers from EM among a group of elderly patients suffering from dementia treated with perphenazine. The poor metabolizers had significantly greater side effects than the 40 extensive metabolizers.