Balance confidence in the current study showed no statistical differences between testing Wnt pathway times or groups (p > 0.05) but moderate effect sizes suggest greater ABC scores in QuickBoard compared to cycling group at 8-week and 4-week

follow-up even though confidence scores were moderately higher in cycling group at baseline. A recent case study showed improved balance confidence assessed with the ABC questionnaire in two older adults post traumatic transfemoral amputation following a Nintendo™ Wii Fit Balance and gait retraining. 12 Further, unstable surface training has previously been shown to improve ABC scores in healthy older adults following a 5-week intervention. 30 However, due to the unchanged measures of balance and function, the authors suggested that although ABC scores were increased, their training program may Selleckchem Cabozantinib not be adequate for older adults with no balance impairments. Similar to what was suggested by Schilling et al., 30 the unchanged balance measures were likely attributed to the high level of baseline function and balance confidence and potentially, high balance variability in our healthy older participants. Finally, balance confidence has been positively correlated with the BBS and the TUG functional mobility test. 17 and 18 Thus, moderate improvements in balance confidence could suggest improvements in functional mobility and balance. However, our preliminary findings of balance confidence

only suggest the potential effectiveness of reactive response training to maintain balance confidence and functional mobility compared to non-balance training (e.g., cycling) in healthy older adults. It is evident that the effects of such training tools on functional balance during daily tasks should be further studied. The results also showed that both training groups improved QuickBoard RT and foot speed with expected greater improvements in QuickBoard Dipeptidyl peptidase RT and BFS for the QuickBoard group compared

to the cycle group. These findings suggest that QuickBoard foot speed can be improved following both QuickBoard and cycling training, but that QuickBoard foot RT is only improved with QuickBoard training. These results are consistent with previous findings that young healthy adults improved their QuickBoard RT and FFS19 following a 4-week QuickBoard training program. In our study, it was expected that older adults training on the QuickBoard would improve their QuickBoard drills as they were exposed to the movements each week throughout the intervention. From our findings, it is difficult to speculate on the applicability of these improvements during daily tasks requiring reactive responses. Galpin et al.19 showed that along with improvements in QuickBoard RT and FFS, young healthy adults also improved on a change of direction test indicating a potential transfer of skills from these QuickBoard tests to other tasks.