Cell genesis was assessed after 12 d and differentiation was analyzed 1 mo later. In addition, locomotor activity in the open field and hippocampal mature BDNF peptide levels were measured. Open-field adaptation was improved in all groups, compared to controls, but more

so with running. New cell proliferation, survival, neuron number, and neurotrophin levels were enhanced only when running was accessible. We conclude that exercise is the critical factor mediating increased BDNF levels and adult hippocampal neurogenesis.”
“Diffusion Ro 61-8048 tensor imaging (DTI) allows in vivo examination of the microstructural integrity of white matter brain tissue. A systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis using GingerALE were undertaken to compare current DTI findings in patients with ADHD and healthy controls to further unravel the neurobiological underpinnings of the disorder. Online databases were searched for DTI studies comparing white matter integrity between ADHD patients and healthy controls. Fifteen studies met inclusion criteria. Alterations in white matter integrity were found in widespread areas, most consistently so in the right anterior corona radiata, right forceps minor, bilateral internal capsule, and left cerebellum, areas previously implicated in the pathophysiology of

the disorder. Current literature is critically discussed in terms of its important selleck methodological limitations and challenges, and guidelines for future DTI research are provided. While more research is needed, DTI proves to be a promising technique, providing new prospects and challenges for future research into the pathophysiology of ADHD. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Most of the steps of lymphopoiesis have been

elucidated but contentious issues remain, particularly regarding the identity and function Protein kinase N1 of the earliest lymphoid progenitors that leave the bone marrow and seed the thymus. Hematopoiesis is effectively continuous throughout life, but there is a profound decline in immune function with increasing age, driven by thymus involution and severely curtailed B cell development. A key question is whether defects in bone marrow progenitors, such as reduced differentiation and repopulation potential, are the common denominator. While thymic involution temporally precedes overt HSC functional decline, a logical supposition is that the latter exacerbates the former. This review explores this possible link, and concludes that improving bone marrow function is fundamental to sustained thymic regeneration.”
“Rationale Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analog that is used to treat narcolepsy but that is also abused.