For clarity, only every 50th calculated point has been plotted Panel 6a shows the simplest

kind of episode, in which single peaks of A (at 10.4 lifetimes, light blue) and B (at 12.3 lifetimes, brown) appear in the pool at accidentally overlapping times. As a result, a peak due to direct chemical synthesis of AB appears (black). A and B substrates are sufficiently stable to overlap prior untemplated AB Thus there is (after ≈ 12.5 lifetimes) also replication (magenta) of previously chemically synthesized AB (blue). However, A and B have decayed substantially (declines selleck screening library on the right of A and B peaks; e-1 per mean lifetime) by the time replication is under way. Thus, total instantaneous AB (black) and chemically synthesized AB (blue) LGK974 visibly diverge (at > 13 lifetimes). Accordingly, in panel 6a, AB template replication is limited by the availability of free A and B, yielding 16.6 % replication (magenta on right divided by blue on right). Figure 6b shows 15 lifetimes during a more complex, rarer (Fig. 4) 5-spike episode, embracing 3 A spikes of various sizes, as well as 2 spikes of B. This episode more effectively synthesizes AB (note the larger scale for AB on the right, compared to panel 6a). Though there is only 0.1 spike of A or

B per lifetime on average, by chance 3 spikes of A occur during the survival of the first one (at ≈ 23 lifetimes). This (blue) almost triples substrate A available for synthesis, to greater than double the mean spike size. Thus, random arrival of A (the first before any

AB synthesis) Adenosine can yield elevated total A, as well as yielding usefully Torin 2 mw sequenced and timed substrates. Secondly, the random sequence of A and B spikes is here very productive. After total AB begins its rise (black; 23.7 lifetimes) due to the first spike of B (note that this represents direct synthesis – (blue) and total instantaneous AB (black) rise together), later spikes of A and a second spike of B enable a second peak of total AB (just past 26 lifetimes) which is mostly replication (note that templated synthesis (magenta) and total AB (black) rise together, almost identical). By contrast, total direct chemical AB synthesis (blue) is more subdued late in this episode. The result is AB mostly via replication (magenta/blue = 1.98 at 37 lifetimes, on the right). Recurrence of episodes like Fig. 6b account for the predominance of replication of the standard pool (Fig. 5). Further, Fig. 6b illustrates the extension of AB lifetime during more complex events, which underlies a realistic estimate of the capabilities of the sporadically fed pool (Discussion, below). Discussion Taking current calculations with prior results, known ribonucleotide solution chemistry appears sufficient to initiate Darwinian evolution on Earth. Some chemical qualities of a primordial ribonucleotide replicator may even be specified from biological examples (Yarus 2011a) or from calculations based on the likely chemical environment (Yarus 2012).