Fourteen days after in vitro stimulation, cells were concentrated by removing half of the culture medium from each well. Then, 100 μl of the resulting cell suspension (100 000–250 000 cells) was stained using 2 μl DR0401 tetramer loaded with the corresponding peptide pool. After incubating at 37° for 1–2 hr, 5 μl anti-CD3-FITC, anti-CD4-PerCP and anti-CD25-APC was added www.selleckchem.com/products/iwr-1-endo.html at room temperature for 10 min. The cells were washed once in 1 ml PBS and analysed for tetramer positive responses using a FACS Calibur (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA). Tetramer-positive responses were

decoded using tetramers loaded with the corresponding individual peptides. Our criterion for positivity was distinct staining that was more than two-fold above background (set to 0·2% and subtracted), which is consistent with our previous studies. After the initial round of tetramer screening (screening peptide pools), cells from positive wells were stained using sets of five tetramers, each loaded with one individual peptide from within the corresponding peptide pool. To isolate tetramer-positive T-cell lines, T cells were sorted by gating on tetramer positive CD4+ cells (at single-cell purity) using a FACS Vantage and expanded

in a 48-well plate in the presence of 2·5 × 106 irradiated allogeneic PBMC and 2 μg/ml phytohaemagglutinin (Remel Inc., Lenexa, KS). Sixteen days after expansion, T cells were stained with tetramers to evaluate the specificity of cloned T-cell lines. For peptide-stimulated proliferation assays, T-cell lines Ribociclib in vivo were stimulated using various concentrations of peptide (0, 0·4, 2 and 10 µg/ml), adding HLA-DR0401-positive monocytes as antigen-presenting cells. For protein-stimulated proliferation assays, CD14+ monocytes were isolated and used as antigen-presenting cells. Briefly, 150 × 106 PBMC from HLA-DR0401+ donors were labelled with anti-CD14-microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec) and CD14+ monocytes were positively isolated according to the manufacturer’s

instructions. To load monocytes with GAD65 protein, bead-enriched monocytes (approximately 20 × 106) were resuspended in 200 μl T-cell medium containing 200 μg/ml recombinant GAD65 protein and incubated at 37° for 2–3 hr. These monocytes were then used as antigen-presenting cells to stimulate Montelukast Sodium tetramer-positive T-cell lines. To generate dose-dependent response curves, protein-loaded monocytes and non-loaded monocytes were irradiated (2000 rads), washed, resuspended and mixed at various ratios (e.g. 1 : 0, 1 : 4, 1 : 24 and 0 : 1). For all proliferation assays, sorted T-cell lines were seeded at 1 × 105 cells/well (triplicate wells) in round-bottom 96-well plates with an equal number of antigen-presenting cells (1 × 105 cells/well total). Forty-eight hours after stimulation, each well was pulsed for an additional 16 hr with 1 μCi [3H]thymidine (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ).