Illustrative H&E-stained retinal sections from informative genotypes are presented in Figure 3. Each of these representative images is taken from 30% of the DV axis of the retina. While the wild-type ONL has an average HIF inhibitor thickness of ∼45 μm, consisting of 12–15 compact, darkly staining PR nuclei (Figures 3A and 3F are examples from different mice), the ONL of Mertk−/− retinae are only 2–4 nuclei thick ( Figure 3B), and outer segments (OS) are almost entirely eliminated (white expanse above ONL in Figure 3B). In comparison, the Gas6−/− retina has a normal ONL thickness, and dense, well-elaborated outer segments ( Figure 3C; see below). Pros1fl/-/Nes-Cre/Gas6−/− mice

( Figures 3D and 3G are representative examples from two different animals) display the same severe ONL depletion as that seen in the Mertk−/− mice ( Figure 3B), with few surviving PR nuclei and an almost complete obliteration of the OS layer. Very dramatically, adding back just one allele of Gas6 to these badly damaged retinae restores the ONL to a normal configuration at 12 weeks ( Figure 3E). Removing Protein S

from RPE cells with the Trp1-Cre driver, combined with complete elimination of Gas6, yields an intermediate ONL depletion phenotype, with partial PR loss and a thinning of the OS layer ( Figures 3H and 3I). This phenotype is again restored to normal by the provision of just a single wild-type Selleckchem Wnt inhibitor Gas6 allele ( Figure 3J). Although retinae in which only one TAM ligand gene is inactivated display a wild-type ONL phenotype (Figures 2A–2C), careful comparison of outer segment histology revealed subtle but significant differences between these mutants and wild-type mice. The OS layer of the Gas6−/− mice,

for example, is actually fuller (denser) and longer than wild-type (a representative comparison is shown in Figure 4A). We measured the average outer-to-inner segment length (OS:IS) ratio at the center of the wild-type retina at 1.79 ± 0.15, whereas the same ratio in the Gas6 knockouts was 2.49 ± 0.18 ( Figure 4B). (This measurement stands in contrast to an earlier anecdotal report [ Hall et al., 2005].) This increase is due entirely to an increase in OS length in Gas6−/− individuals ( Figure 4A; compare also Figure 3C to Figures 3A and 3F). Similarly, while removing all of the Adenylyl cyclase Protein S from the retina in a Gas6+/+ background has no effect on ONL thickness in the central retina at 12 weeks ( Figure 2), Pros1fl/-/Nes-Cre/Gas6+/+ mice also display an increase in their OS:IS length ratio, albeit a more modest one, to 2.05 ± 0.15 ( Figure 4B). Inactivating one Gas6 allele in these mice (in Pros1fl/-/Nes-Cre/Gas6+/− individuals) increases this ratio to 2.32 ± 0.19 ( Figure 4B; compare also OS length in Figure 3E versus Figures 3A and 3F). Finally, a Pros1fl/-/Trp1-Cre/Gas6+/− retina also displays an obviously greater OS:IS ratio ( Figure 4B; compare also OS in Figure 3J to Figures 3A and 3F).