Independent sample t tests and chi-square difference tests were also computed to compare smokers versus nonsmokers on all study variables. The degree of association between partner smoke exposure and other sources of SHS exposure during their first trimester of pregnancy was assessed through a series of bivariate correlations between partner smoke exposure and other exposures in their household, selleckchem Dasatinib car, outside, and other social settings. Multiple regression was used to determine the degree of association between partner smoke exposure and frequency of exposure after accounting for the effects of women’s age and smoking status. Age was associated with a couple of SHS exposure measures and was thus included as a covariate.

Specifically, a 3-step multiple regression model was tested such that frequency of SHS exposure was regressed on women’s age and smoking status on the first step, partner smoking status, partner living status, the number of relatives and friends who smoke, and the number of smokers who live with the women excluding partners on the second step, and the relevant two-way interaction terms (i.e., partner smoke exposure by partner living status, partner smoke exposure by women’s smoking status, and partner living status by women’s smoking status) on the third step. We also examined the degree of SHS exposure misclassification through utilizing partner smoking status alone as a measure of SHS exposure by cross-tabulating partner smoking exposure with SHS exposure (dummy coded from SHS frequency as zero vs. nonzero).

We were specifically interested in determining the proportion of participants who reported SHS exposure during their first trimester of pregnancy but who reported no partner smoke exposure. Finally, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to evaluate whether frequency of SHS exposure changed throughout pregnancy. It must be noted the repeated measures ANOVA was only conducted for participants who had complete data at each of the three assessment timepoints (n = 106). Results Sources of SHS Exposure Among Pregnant Women Overall, 82% (N = 201) of the women reported that they were exposed to SHS during their pregnancy. From Table 1, it is clear that more than half of the women reported being exposed to partner smoking, with a substantial proportion revealing that their partner smoked in their home during their pregnancy.

Furthermore, 14% of pregnant Carfilzomib women reported living with a smoker other than their partner and an additional 5% reported that they lived with two or more smokers in their household. On average, women reported that they were in the same room as someone who was smoking 3�C4 days per week, in the same automobile with someone who was smoking 1�C2 days per week, and outside with someone who was smoking 3�C4 days per week.