Interestingly, a recent population-based study examined the differences in serum pepsinogens levels and H. pylori seroprevalence Tanespimycin solubility dmso rates among Chinese, Malays and Indians. These three races had different gastric cancer rates, with the highest

among the Chinese. It was found that H. pylori seroprevalence was similar between Chinese and Indian subjects, but significantly lower among Malay subjects. The gastric cancer incidence rates correlated with H. pylori seropositivity for Chinese and Malays, but not for Indians. The prevalence of low pepsinogens, a surrogate marker for gastric atrophy, was highest in Indian subjects even when adjusted for gender and the presence of H. pylori. It suggested that even in the presence of an appropriate gastritis topography, the interaction of genetic and other environmental factors is still important in gastric carcinogenesis.68 Whilst the explanation PCI 32765 for these ‘enigmas’ is being worked out, it should be emphasized that it should not be used as an argument for not treating H. pylori when an indication exists. The improvement in socioeconomic standards of living in Asia has brought about an overall decrease in H. pylori seroprevalence rates. Nonetheless, differences still exist between developed and less developed countries. H. pylori infection is an important factor

in gastric carcinogenesis. There is now greater understanding of oxyclozanide the process of gastric carcinogenesis, and the role of bacterial virulence factors interacting with host

immune responses. These molecular studies have also helped to explain the ‘Asian enigma.’ Nonetheless, there are still important challenges that must be addressed, such as establishing a comprehensive genetic profile that would identify high-risk infected subjects. There is ongoing research that explores the role of vaccination against H. pylori69,70 for the prevention of gastroduodenal diseases, but these results remain experimental. In the interim, in order to address the high clinical burden of gastric cancer, a recent Asia–Pacific Gastric Cancer Consensus meeting has boldly recommended a strategy of H. pylori screening and eradication in high-risk populations to reduce gastric cancer incidence.71,72 The group reached this conclusion based on the results of a meta-analysis of studies in Asia showing that H. pylori eradication results in lower gastric cancer rates (OR: 0.56; 95%CI 0.4–0.8).72 There are concerns whether such a strategy of H. pylori eradication may lead to other health problems like the development of gastroesophageal reflux disease and widespread antibiotic resistance. However, most evidence based on meta-analyses of H. pylori eradication and post hoc analyses of peptic ulcer trials indicates that H. pylori eradication does not lead to the development of erosive esophagitis or new symptomatic reflux.