(J Vasc Surg 2011;53:115-22.)”
“cAMP (Adenosine-3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate) is a general second messenger controlling distinct targets in eukaryotic cells. In a (sub)proteomic approach, two classes of phosphorothioate cAMP affinity tools were used to isolate and to identify signalling complexes of the main cAMP
target, cAMP dependent protein kinase (PKA). Agonist analogues (here: Sp-cAMPS) bind to the regulatory subunits of PKA (PKA-R), together with their interaction partners, and cause dissociation of a holoenzyme complex comprising PKA-R and catalytic subunits of PKA (PKA-C). Antagonist analogues (here: Rp-cAMPS) bind to the holoenzyme without dissociating the complex and were developed to identify interaction partners that bind to the entire complex or to PKA-C.
More than 80 different proteins FRAX597 price were isolated from tissue extracts including several PKA isoforms and known as well as potentially new interaction partners. Nevertheless, unspecific binding of general nucleotide binding proteins limited the outcome of this chemical proteomics approach. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was employed to optimise the entire workflow of pull down proteomics and to quantify the effects of different nucleotides (ATP, ADP, GTP and NADH) on PKA-R binding to affinity material. We could demonstrate that the addition of NADH AZD6738 order to lysates improved specificity in pull down experiments. Using a combination of SPR studies and pull down experiments it was shown unambiguously that it is possible to specifically elute protein complexes with cAMP or cGMP from cAMPS analogue matrices. The side-by-side analysis of the PKA-R interactome and the holoenzyme complexed with interacting proteins will contribute to a further dissection of the multifaceted PKA signalling network.”
“Background: this website Leg swelling in menopausal women is well known. Prevailing concept in primary care is that it is polycentric and a treatable cause may not be found. Patients are placed on empiric diuretics often without benefit.
Our clinical experience indicates that iliac venous vein obstruction is the core cause; a variety of secondary factors common in postmenopausal women precipitate symptoms.
Patients and Methods: A total of 163 limbs in 150 postmenopausal women (>= 55 years of age) with leg swelling unresponsive to conservative therapy underwent intravascular ultrasound-guided iliac vein stenting over an 11-year period. Preoperative investigations included duplex, airplethysmography, venous pressure tests, contrast studies, and lymphangiography. The postmenopausal group constituted 9% of all limbs (n = 1760) stented for chronic venous disease (CVD) during the same period and 18% of those stented for swelling (n = 922). Median age was 67 (range, 55-92) and left-to-right ratio 2:1.