Methods: Computer-generated three-dimensional models of scapulae from computed tomography scans of thirty-six shoulders in whole-body cadavers were generated. The anatomic geometry of these models had been previously validated. The position of the scapulae relative to the gantry was determined. The three-dimensional models were rotated in 1 degrees increments in the coronal and sagittal planes. Glenoid version find more was measured on two-dimensional images for each of the rotation increments. Version variability at each rotation increment was calculated.

Results: The anatomic glenoid version (independent of the resting position of the

scapula) was an average (and standard deviation) of 2.0 degrees +/- 3.8 degrees of retroversion. The average difference between anatomic glenoid version and clinical glenoid version (depending on the position of the scapula on the original computed tomography

axial images) was 6.9 degrees +/- 5.6 degrees (range, 0.1 degrees to 22.5 degrees). Version variability with coronal or sagittal rotation was significant for all degrees of rotation (p < 0.0001). Scapular abduction had the greatest effect on version variation and resulted in 0.42 degrees of relative anteversion for every 10 of abduction in the coronal plane. In the sagittal plane, internal rotation resulted in relative anteversion.

Conclusions: Any malalignment of >= 1 degrees of the scapula in the coronal or sagittal plane will create inaccuracies in measuring glenoid version. The plane of axial reconstruction should be aligned with PU-H71 the scapula when two-dimensional computed tomography images are used to measure glenoid version. These findings support

the use of three-dimensional models to evaluate glenoid version.”
“SETTING: Gondar Hospital, Gondar Health Centre, Metemma Hospital, Bahir Dar Hospital and Debre Markos Hospital in Northwest Ethiopia.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the level of and risk factors for first- and second-line drug resistance Metabolism inhibitor among tuberculosis (TB) patients.

DESIGN: Drug susceptibility testing (DST) against first-line drugs, including isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RMP), streptomycin (SM), ethambutol (EMB) and pyrazinamide (PZA), was performed using the BacT/ALERT 3D system. DST against second-line drugs, including fluoroquinolones and aminoglycocides/cyclic peptides, was performed using Geno Type MTBDRsl.

RESULTS: Of 260 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates, 41 (15.8%) were resistant to at least one first-line drug, 13 (5.0%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR) and 9 (3.5%) were resistant to all first-line drugs. Any resistance to INH, RMP, SM, EMB and PZA was respectively 36 (13.8%), 15 (5.8%), 26 (10.0%), 19 (7.3%) and 12 (4.6%). Of 214 new and 46 previously treated cases, respectively 8 (3.7%) and 5 (10.9%) were MDR. All isolates were susceptible to all second-line drugs.