Normality was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Race was treated as a dichotomus variable (white (n = 45) or non-white (n = 26)). Mixed models repeated

measures ANOVA with race and time included as fixed variables, and participant treated as a random selleck chemical variable, was used to assess main effects of time and race as well as time-by-race interactions. Akaike’s information criteria were used to determine appropriate covariance structures. When a significant time-by-race interaction was observed, all possible t-tests with Bonferroni corrections were used to identify differences within and between groups. Log transformed variables were used in mixed models repeated measures ANOVA for variables that did not follow a normal distribution. Pearson’s or Spearman’s rank correlation were used as appropriate to test for associations between 25(OH)D levels and markers of inflammation (hsCRP and IL-6) and measures of body composition (body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage). Mean daily intakes of vitamin D and calcium were compared to the US recommended dietary allowance (RDA) to compare experimental observations and population recommendations. Results Vitamin D status, PTH, and bone turnover Serum 25(OH)D levels during BCT decreased 8% in whites but increased 21% JAK inhibitor in non-whites (P-interaction < 0.05, Table 2). At all time points, serum 25(OH)D levels were lower in non-whites

than whites (P-interaction < 0.05). Group mean PTH increased within 3 weeks, and then remained elevated for the duration of BCT

(P-effect < 0.05, Table 2). Mean PTH levels were greater in non-whites than whites (P-effect < 0.05). Table 2 Longitudinal changes in serum 25(OH)D and PTH levels in female Soldiers during BCT*   Baseline Wk 3 Wk 6 Wk 9 Effect 25(OH)D, nmol/L       oxyclozanide   T x R Group (n = 71) 64.1 ± 3.8 60.4 ± 2.9 60.7 ± 2.6 63.2 ± 2.6   White (n = 45) 77.0 ± 3.5 70.6 ± 3.5† 68.6 ± 3.5† 70.5 ± 3.5   Non-white (n = 26) 41.7 ± 4.6§ 42.6 ± 4.6§ 47.8 ± 4.6§ 50.6 ± 4.6‡,§   PTH, pg/mL         T, R Group (n = 71) 32.7 ± 1.7 40.0 ± 1.7† 43.8 ± 1.8† 42.3 ± 2.2†   White (n = 45) 31.9 ± 2.3 36.7 ± 2.3 39.7 ± 2.3 38.6 ± 2.3   Non-white (n = 26) 34.0 ± 3.0 45.7 ± 3.1 50.7 ± 3.0 48.8 ± 3.0   *Mean ± SEM; † Different from baseline (P < 0.05); ‡Different from week 3 (P < 0.05); §Different from white, (P < 0.05); T, main effect of time (P < 0.05); R, main effect of race (P < 0.05); T x R, time-by-race interaction (P < 0.05). Markers of bone formation, BAP and PINP, and bone resorption, TRAP and CTx, increased (P-effect < 0.05, Table 3) during BCT. There was no differential effect of race on markers of either bone formation or resorption. Table 3 Longitudinal changes in bone biomarkers in female Soldiers during BCT*   Baseline Wk 3 Wk 6 Wk 9 Effect Bone Absorption Biomarkers BAP, μg/L         T Group (n = 71) 27.6 ± 1.6 36.6 ± 1.9† 39.1 ± 1.9† 38.8 ± 2.0†   White (n = 45) 26.2 ± 2.3 33.9 ± 2.4 37.1 ± 2.3 36.9 ± 2.