Recordings were saved and analysed using the PowerLab software (AdInstruments, NSW, Australia). Volume calibration was performed during each measurement throughout the experiments Alectinib concentration by injecting a known air volume (1 mL) inside the chamber. Respiratory variables such as respiratory frequency (fR) and tidal volume (V  T) were calculated described by Malan (1973). Ventilation (V˙E) was calculated as the product of VT and fR and presented at ambient barometric pressure, at body temperature, saturated with water vapour at this temperature (BTPS). Body temperature was measured using an

i.p.-implanted temperature datalogger (SubCue Dataloggers, Canada). The P2X receptor antagonist pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2′,4′-disulphonic acid 4-sodium (PPADS, Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, MO, USA) (Lambrecht, 2000), was freshly dissolved in pyrogen-free sterile saline (154 mM NaCl), and sodium bicarbonate was added to adjust the pH to 7.4. The concentration of PPADS (0.02 M) used in this study was selected on the

basis of previous reports (Cao and click here Song, 2007). For microinjections, a 1 μL syringe (Hamilton, Reno, NV, USA) connected to a PE-10 tubing and to a thin needle injector (33 gauge) was prefilled with PPADS, and then the needle injector was inserted into the rostral or caudal MR accordingly. The average accuracy of the 1 μL syringe is within ±1% of nominal volume and precision (coefficient of variation) within 1%, measured at 80% of total scale volume. The rostral MR contains the RMg while the caudal MR comprises the ROb. Prior to microinjection, animals were gently held in order to insert the needle injector into position in the guide cannula Sirolimus manufacturer and once in the right position, the injections were manually initiated after a 30 s delay without handling or restraint

of the rats. Animals did not undergo multiple injections. Each animal received only one microinjection and each experimental group was composed of different animals. The needle used for microinjection was 3 mm longer than the guide cannula. All microinjections were made with a volume of 50 nL, and in order to avoid reflux, a minute was allowed before removing the injection needle from the guide cannula. Each animal was individually placed in a Plexiglas chamber (3.9 L) and allowed to move freely while the chamber was flushed with humidified room air. Following a 30 min acclimatization period, measurements of respiratory variables were taken. Subsequently, rats received microinjections of vehicle (saline) or the P2X receptor antagonist, PPADS, into the rostral MR or caudal MR, and a hypercapnic gas mixture (7% CO2, 21% O2, N2 balance) was flushed into the chamber for 30 min. Respiratory variables were measured at 5, 10, 20 and 30 min after initiating hypercapnic condition. Finally, rats were returned to a period of normocapnia.