Sixteen healthy subjects (11 males and five females, aged 20-23 years) participated. Laterality of parietal activity during a mental calculation task was evaluated using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Subjects also performed the mental calculation task pre-, during-, 30 min post-, and 60 min post-tDCS. Bilateral tDCS with the anode over the

left parietal cortex and the cathode over the right parietal cortex shortened response times of the mental calculation task in subjects with left-hemispheric parietal lateralization, but not in subjects with bilateral parietal activation. This indicates that inter-individual variability in laterality of brain activity might be an important factor underlying the effect of bilateral tDCS. In conclusion, bilateral tDCS over the parietal cortex Selleckchem JSH-23 enhanced the performance of mental calculations in subjects with left-hemispheric parietal lateralization. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland

Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Affiliative and agonistic social interactions are mediated by gonadal hormones. Research with estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha) or beta (ER beta) knockout (KO) mice show that long-term inactivation of ER alpha decreases, while inactivation Entospletinib of ER beta increases, male aggression. Opposite effects were found in female alpha ERKO and beta ERKO mice. The role of acute activation of ER alpha or ER beta in the agonistic responses of adult non-KO mice is unknown. We report here the effects of the ERR selective agonist WAY-200070 on agonistic and social behavior in gonadally intact and gonadectomized (gonadex) male and female CD-1 mice towards a gonadex, same-sex

intruder. All 15 min resident-intruder tests were videotaped for comprehensive behavioral analysis. Separate analyses assessed: (1) effects of WAY-200070 on each sex and gonadal condition; (2) differences between sexes, and between gonadally intact and gonadex mice, in untreated animals. Results show that in gonadally intact male and female mice, WAY-200070 increased agonistic VX-661 manufacturer behaviors such as pushing down the intruder and aggressive grooming, while leaving attacks unaffected. In untreated mice, males attacked more than females, and gonadex animals showed less agonistic behavior than same-sex, gonadally intact mice. Overall, our detailed behavioral analysis suggested that in gonadally intact male and female mice, ER beta mediates patterns of agonistic behavior that are not directly involved in attacks. This suggests that specific aspects of aggressive behavior are acutely mediated by ERR in adult mice. Our results also showed that, in resident-intruder tests, female mice spend as much time in intrasexual agonistic interactions as males, but use agonistic behaviors that involve extremely low levels of direct attacks. This non-attack aggression in females is increased by acute activation of ERR.