Stat3C tumor study. JNG conducted the in vitro studies and assisted in the tumor study. MAC prepared and analyzed the galanga extracts. PA conducted the histopathological analyses. JD supplied the K5.Stat3C transgenic mice and assisted in the design and interpretation of the tumor study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript, which was revised by HKH.”
“Background Proteases play an important role in different biological processes including cell check details differentiation, inflammation

and tissue remodelling, haemostasis, immunity, angiogenesis, apoptosis and malignant disease [1]. Specifically, proteases are well known factors to promote local progression and distant metastasis of colorectal cancer and many other solid tumors [2, 3]. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that proteases also SN-38 manufacturer have key functions in early stages of tumor development [4]. The tumor-associated proteases are either secreted

directly by the tumor or originate from surrounding connective tissue and infiltrating leucocytes as a result of tumor-stroma interaction [5]. Some tumor-associated proteases like cathepsins, matrix-metalloproteases, kallikreins and cancer procoagulant (CP) are released into the bloodstream and can be used for diagnostic and prognostic purposes [6–10]. Tumor-associated protease activity in serum specimens of cancer patients can be monitored using synthetic substrates that are selectively cleaved by the protease of interest [6–9]. With the use of appropriate synthetic

reporter-peptides (RPs) for spiking of serum specimens, the reaction conditions that comprise substrate concentration, incubation time and buffer composition can be optimized and standardized accordingly [11]. Furthermore, the proteolytic fragments accumulate to the level that they become readily detectable by mass spectrometry [8]. This approach is similar to established diagnostic assays measuring the proteolytic activity of distinct enzymes, e.g., coagulation factors [12]. Recently, we have described a functional protease profiling approach using a reporter peptide that is cleaved by the tumor associated protease cancer procoagulant (EC 3.4.22.26) [8]. However, the analysis of proteolytic fragments was performed with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry GPX6 that is only a semi-quantitative method [13] with limited inter-day reproducibility [8]. Furthermore, proteolytic fragments had to be extracted from serum specimens with serial affinity purification that is a rather laborious method with limited throughput and reproducibility. To alleviate these restrictions, we have developed a robust and highly selleck chemical reproducible liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) assay for the absolute quantification of a targeted proteolytic fragment. Serum has a high intrinsic proteolytic activity that leads to continuous processing of proteins and peptides [14].