The citS-citC2 intergenic region contains binding sites for the response

regulator CitB and cyclic AMP receptor protein XAV-939 cell line (CRP), which mediates catabolic repression of citrate fermentation genes under anaerobic conditions [4]. The gene disruption was confirmed by PCR and sequencing of the region. The corresponding location of the altered sequence in the citrate fermentation island is indicated in Figure 1a. As consistent with the fact that the citC2 and citS promoters control the expression of the citC2D2E2F2G2 and citS-oadGAB-citAB Sepantronium research buy operons, disruption of this regulatory region in the resultant strain, NK8-Δcit, crippled its ability to grow anaerobically in AUM (OD600 = 0.042 after 27-h incubation) (Figure 4). Taken together, our data support that the citrate fermentation island permits and is necessary for anaerobic growth of K. pneumoniae in AUM using citrate as the sole carbon source. Citrate fermentation gene cluster in K. pneumoniae clinical isolates From the genetic studies on the citrate fermentation in AUM, it seems plausible that the ability of K. pneumoniae to grow in urine may provide the organism an added advantage in urinary

tract infections (UTI), thus a higher percentage of citrate fermentation genomic island-positive K. pneumoniae Linsitinib in vitro strains would be expected in urine isolates than in non-urine isolates. To test this hypothesis, a total of 187 K. pneumoniae clinical isolates collected from urine and non-urine specimens including blood, respiratory tract, wound, bile, ear, eye, and IV catheters, were analyzed for the presence of the 13-kb island Edoxaban by using 5 PCR

primer pairs designed across the region (Table 1). As shown in Table 2, 55 out of the 93 (59%) urine isolates carried the genomic island, while 53/94 (56.3%) of non-urine were test positive for the gene cluster. Thus, we did not find apparent correlation between the possession of the 13-kb genomic region and urinary tract infection in this case collection. Table 1 Primer pairs used for detecting citrate fermentation genes. Primer sequences Genes covered Product size (bp) 1. 5′-CCGGGCCTGAATATTAAACA-3′ citA, citB 952   5′-CAACAGCAGTCGGAAAGTCA-3′     2. 5′-GGATCTTCCGCTCCTTATCC-3′ oadA, oadB 890   5′-GGAAGCCATGAAGATGGAGA-3′     3. 5′-GCCCATCAGGATAGTTGGAA-3′ citS, citC2 970   5′-CAGCTCATAGGCCAGTGTCA-3′     4. 5′-CGATGTGATGGTCAGGATTG-3′ citD2, citE2 770   5′-CGGGCGTAGAACAGTTCAGT-3′     5. 5′-CATCGATGTGATTCGTCAGG-3′ citF2, citG2 873   5′-GCAATCAGCTCATCGTCAAA-3′     Table 2 Detection of the 13-kb genomic region in 187 K. pneumoniae isolates. Specimen type (no. of isolates) Primer 1 citA, citB Primer 2 oadA, oadB Primer 3 citS, citC2 Primer 4 citD2, citE2 Primer 5 citF2, citG2 Positive* Urine (93) 56 80 56 58 55 55 (59%) Non-urine (94) 54 82 54 54 54 53 (56.3%)    Blood (28) 18 25 18 18 18 18 (64.2%)    Wound (23) 11 18 12 12 12 11 (47.8%)    Respiratory (23) 12 20 11 11 11 11 (47.