The morphology of BLPs was near-spherical as observed by TEM (Fig

The morphology of BLPs was near-spherical as observed by TEM (Figure 2B), though the liposomes looked somewhat irregular in the TEM as a consequence of membranous deformation and dehydration in sample preparation. Figure

2 Particle size (A) and TEM micrograph of BLPs (B). Factors influencing hypoglycemic LY2835219 effect of BLPs The performance of BLPs in decreasing the blood glucose of rats was affected by a variety of factors. The influences of particle size of liposomes, biotin-DSPE proportion in AZD8186 liposomes, and doses orally given on hypoglycemic effect are shown in Figure 3. As shown in Figure 3A, liposomes with a diameter about 80 nm almost did not pose a declined blood glucose. The negative result may be the cause of fragile structure that easily destroyed by harsh GI environment featured by digestive enzymes and low pH. However, a significant hypoglycemic effect was observed when the rats were orally administrated of liposomes of 153.7 nm, the maximal decline of blood glucose level was up to 38.4%. This enhanced pharmacological action by BLPs at 150 nm around may be attributed two facets: (i) improved stability relative to liposomes with a smaller diameter and (ii) facilitated this website uptake through intestinal epithelia,

especially by receptor-mediated endocytosis. With the increase of diameter of liposomes, although the physical stability was further strengthened, the hypoglycemic effect of BLPs not only fail to raise but decrease, which may be caused by larger particle size that was unfavorably absorbed MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit by epithelia, particularly through vesicle-mediated transport such as by clathrin-coated pits. Figure 3 Profiles of blood glucose in rats after oral administration of insulin-loaded BLPs. Different particle sizes (A, 20 IU/kg), biotin-DSPE proportions (B, 20 IU/kg), and doses orally given (C). The blood glucose profiles of rats after oral administration of liposomes with different biotin-DSPE levels are shown in Figure 3B. Liposomes with 10% biotin-DSPE,

to some extent, produced the decline of blood glucose of rats after dosing, whereas more obvious downtrends occurred in the rats those were given of liposomes with biotin-DSPE above 20%. However, there was no significant difference between the liposomes composed of 20% and 30% biotin-DSPE in terms of hypoglycemic effect. The hypoglycemic effect produced by liposomes with 10% biotin-DSPE weaker than that of liposomes with more biotin-DSPE may be as a consequence of relatively weak stability rather than the insufficiency of ligand amount, because DSPE that possesses a high phase transition temperature could reinforce the rigidity of liposomes if more biotin-DSPE was incorporated into lipid bilayer.

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