Therefore, we tested the effects of the modulators NVP-BGJ398 manufacturer cATR, Mg2+, CsA and DTT and observed that all of them failed in protect the uncoupling by juliprosopine. The lack of interference of oxidative effects in the uncoupling caused by juliprosopine was corroborated to the absence of mitochondrial generation of H2O2. We also tested the possible interaction of juliprosopine with the mitochondrial membrane using the fluorescent probes DPH (1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene) and ANS (1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate). DPH is incorporated into the mitochondrial membrane housed perpendicularly

between the ends of the nonpolar lipids that make up the membrane; chemical substances capable

of interacting with the inside of the lipid bilayer can induce the release of DPH, causing a reduction in the fluorescence (Andrich and Vanderkooi, 1976; Lee et al., 1999). After the addition of juliprosopine in the mitochondria loaded with the DPH probe, there was a significant reduction in the fluorescence intensity, but only in the higher tested concentrations, indicating that the alkaloid does not interact primarily with the hydrophobic ends of the lipids in the membrane. Using ANS, which connects to the polar ends of MAPK inhibitor the phospholipids and proteins on the membrane surface (Slavík, 1982), we observed a large increase in the fluorescence after the juliprosopine addition, suggesting that the compound has the capacity to interact with the mitochondrial surface membrane.

According to Silva et al. (2007), the alkaloids present in the extract of total alkaloids – particularly in fraction F32 isolated from algaroba, which the author indicates may consist of a single compound – have chemical characteristics favorable for promoting the breakdown of the fluid mosaic structure of the plasma membranes of astrocytes, the main effect associated with its toxicity. These chemical characteristics of the alkaloids present in the plant P. juliflora described by Nakano et al. (2004), including the presence of an indolizidine ring in the center of the PRKACG molecule and specific functional groups in positions 3 and 3′ in the heterocyclic rings, give these substances polar and nonpolar ends that might facilitate their interactions with the biological membranes. In conclusion, based on the results obtained in this study and the data described by Silva et al. (2007), it can be proposed that juliprosopine and fraction F32 of the alkaloid extract of algaroba are the same compound, thereby confirming that the juliprosopine exerts its toxic action through an interaction with biological membranes. This interaction can increase the permeability of not only the cell but also the important organelles, such as mitochondria.