They are related to the characteristics of the light field in deep waters and are the result of mechanisms by which natural phytoplankton communities adapt to spectral irradiance in water bodies. The relative content of PSP increases with depth, while that of PPP decreases. The vertical distribution of pigment concentrations varies in different trophic types of water bodies (determined by the surface concentration of chlorophyll a). Oligotrophic waters, in which the shortwave part of the light spectrum is dominant at large depths, absorb mainly

chlorophylls, because the absorption band of photosynthetic carotenoids (PSC) is outside that range. This means that CPSC/Cchl a this website ratios do not vary with depth, and even decrease in the deepest regions. In mesotrophic waters, where the light spectrum maximum in the water column shifts towards long waves with increasing depth, PSC are dominant among the antenna pigments supporting photosynthesis. In eutrophic waters, the spectral distribution shows a red-shifted maximum, which can lead to a decline in the relative PSC concentration, and the part played by antennas in photosynthesis is taken over by other pigments, such as phycobilins. The vertical distributions of the relative content of photoprotective carotenoids (PPC) are also governed

by the characteristics of light in different types Selleck Apitolisib of seas. In oligotrophic waters, there is deep penetration of blue light that would lead to photooxidation of the photosynthetic apparatus in phytoplankton cells, processes and thus the production of additional PPP. In eutrophic waters, however, the blue part of the

irradiance spectrum is already absorbed at shallow depths, and phytoplankton therefore has no need for the additional production of protective pigments. Hence there is a rapid decrease in the concentrations of these compounds with depth. The quantitative relationships between the concentrations and relative contents of different groups of pigments and the various optical characteristics of the natural light field relate mainly to oceanic Dolutegravir nmr waters (Case 1 waters), where light of wavelength λ ≈ 450 nm can penetrate to the greatest depths; they have been investigated by many authors (Woźniak et al., 1997a, Woźniak et al., 1997b, Woźniak et al., 2003, Majchrowski et al., 1998, Majchrowski and Ostrowska, 1999, Majchrowski and Ostrowska, 2000 and Majchrowski, 2001). Similar relationships for Case 2 waters, which contain high concentrations of optically active, autogenous ingredients (other than phytoplankton), such as those of the Baltic Sea, where light of wavelength λ ≈ 550 nm reaches the greatest depths, are difficult to establish and remain an unsolved problem.