Two subjects in each of the AAT and control groups were left handed. Questionnaire and audiological assessment We used a French translation (Meric et al. 2000) of the Tinnitus Reaction Questionnaire (TRQ) (Wilson et al. 1991) to assess the degree of Ribociclib clinical trial coping/habituation

or handicap/distress associated with the tinnitus, when present. TRQ scores refer often to intensity of the percept. The TRQ score was the result of the summation of grades (range from 0, “not at all” to 4 “almost always”) of 26 questions with a maximum score of 104. In clinical practice, a score superior to 50 has to be taken into Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical account with proposition of psychological therapy. The TRQ also allows assessment of the level of anxiety (Andersson et al. 2003). We also used a standardized questionnaire to assess the periodicity of the tinnitus. Prior to collecting audiograms, otoscopy was performed by an ENT specialist. Examinations were normal in all subjects. Audiograms were acquired (Békésy

method) with frequency sweeps from Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical 250 to 8000 Hz and sound levels were increased and decreased stepwise by 2.5 dB. Figure 1 displays the audiograms of the AAT group with subgroups of tinnitus (occasional and frequent/permanent) and of the control group for the left and right ears. As expected, high frequency hearing thresholds were higher and V shape (noise Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical notch) in the AAT group Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical than in the control group. Noise notch was more bilateral among the frequent/permanent tinnitus subjects. It is usually a mark of more severe traumas (Nottet et al. 2006). Using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and tests corrected for multiple comparisons, differences were significant at 4 kHz and 5 kHz (P = 0.02) between controls and frequent/permanent Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical tinnitus AAT subjects, and at the significance limit at 4 kHz (P = 0.07), between controls and AAT subjects with occasional tinnitus. Importantly, there was no statistically significant difference between AAT group and control group at frequencies lower than 2 kHz, which were used in the auditory attention task

described below. Figure 1 Hearing levels of participants: right and left audiograms (Békésy method) in the AAT group (occasional and frequent/permanent tinnitus) and control group. Hearing loss is observed at high frequency in the AAT group. fMRI task and experimental procedures We used sounds in the 250–1000 Hz frequency range, hearing Sclareol levels were not significantly different between groups in this frequency range. An auditory “oddball task” was applied. Three types of auditory stimuli were used: “Standard” (probability of occurrence P = 0.80, n = 348), “Target” (probability of occurrence P = 0.10, n = 48), and “Novel” (probability of occurrence P = 0.10, n = 48). Each “Target” and “Novel” stimulus was preceded by 4–7 randomly chosen “Standard” stimuli to ensure a minimum interval of 4.5 sec between two sequential nonstandard stimuli.