Voltage excursions of ON and OFF CBCs measured in this way had similar amplitudes but opposite signs (Figure 2H; ON CBCs: 13.1 ± 1 mV, n = 27; OFF CBCs: −12.6 ± 1.6 mV, n = 16, p < 10−7). This was true irrespective of whether waves were detected based on the CBC voltage itself or on simultaneously recorded excitation to learn more RGCs (Figure S2). To explicitly test the concurrence of CBC voltage fluctuations with stage III waves, we compared the probability with which RGC EPSCs coincided with CBC depolarizations (ON) or hyperpolarizations (OFF) in recorded traces to simulations in which the timing of CBC events was randomly shifted. In each case, the coincidence of CBC

and RGC events was significantly higher in the recorded than in the randomized traces (Figure 2I, observed: 71% ± 2%, random 17% ± 1%, n = 39, p < 10−7). Since RGC EPSCs at this age were shown to be largely restricted to waves (Blankenship et al., 2009), it follows that the CBC voltage fluctuations we discover here are as well. Events detected only in RGC or CBC traces most likely reflect waves propagating along paths that included most of the neurites of one but not the other neuron recorded. Thus, ON CBCs excite ON RGCs as they depolarize during the ON phase of stage III waves, whereas OFF CBCs, instead of depolarizing during the OFF Selleck PD332991 phase of waves, hyperpolarize during the ON phase and release glutamate onto OFF RGCs as their

voltage returns to baseline. To probe the mechanisms that hyperpolarize OFF CBCs, we carried out voltage-clamp recordings from these cells. In doing so, we observed large IPSCs in OFF CBCs that coincided with EPSCs in simultaneously recorded ON RGCs (Figures 3A and 3B; PT: 30 ± 98 ms, n = 7). Importantly, the inhibitory inputs to OFF CBCs far outweighed coinciding

excitatory ones (Figures 3C and S4C; ginh/gexc: 7.56 ± Phosphatidylinositol diacylglycerol-lyase 1.43, n = 11). Previous results suggest that glycine and GABA receptors mediate inhibition to OFF CBCs at this age (Schubert et al., 2008). Consistent with this, we found that while strychnine (500 nM) alone was sufficient to suppress most wave-associated OFF CBC hyperpolarizations (Figures 3D and 3E), blockade of both glycinergic and GABAergic transmission (strychnine 500 nM, gabazine 5 μM, TPMPA 50 μM) was needed to depolarize OFF CBCs during stage III waves (Figures 3D and 3E; control: −13.8 ± 2.1 mV; −Gly: −0.2 ± 3.1 mV; −Gly −GABAA/C: 7.0 ± 2.7 mV, n = 6; p < 0.03 for all comparisons). Blockade of inhibition had no effect on the amplitude of voltage fluctuations in ON CBCs (control: 16.1 ± 2.9 mV; −Gly −GABAA/C: 15.5 ± 4.3 mV, n = 5; p > 0.8), but raised the frequency of waves in both ON and OFF CBCs (Figure S3; control: 0.082 ± 0.008 Hz; −Gly −GABAA/C: 0.238 ± 0.032 Hz, n = 11, p < 10−3). From these results, we conclude that ON CBCs drive crossover inhibition onto both OFF RGC dendrites and OFF CBC axon terminals.