With further work using functional magnetic resonance

imaging, it will be possible to identify at what point various affected groups fail to encode sensory information, or fail to make use of that information in their responses.
The term neurosis was introduced to the medical literature by William Cullen1 in the mid-1780s.2 Cullen believed that “life is a function of nervous energy, muscle a continuation of nerve, and disease mainly nervous disorder,” and classified illness into fever, cachexias, local diseases, and neuroses,3 ie, diseases that were assumed to have their seat in the nervous system.4 To shift emphasis in the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical conceptualization Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of insanity1 from the nerves to the soul (anima or psyche), the term psychialerie was introduced by Johann Christian Reil in 1803.5 It was adopted by Johann Christian Heinroth,6 and changed to psychiatrie in his influential text published in 1818. Introduction

of the term psychiatry profoundly affected the subject matter and the development of the field; for well over 100 years, psychiatric opinion remained divided as to whether psychiatry deals with Cullen’s1 disorders of the nerves (body) or Reil’s5 disorders of the soul (mind).7 The terms neurosis and psychiatry were used interchangeably Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical during the second quarter of the 19th century.2 Recognition, however, that not every defect of the nervous system was accompanied by mental disorder led to the introduction of the term psychosis Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical by Ernst Feuchsterleben8 in 1845. In his Textbook on Medical Psychology, Feuchsterleben8 declared that “every psychosis Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical is a neurosis, because, without the nerves as intermediaries, no psychological change can be exhibited, but not every neurosis is a psychosis,” thus using the term psychosis for the first time in the psychiatric literature.2 By separating the disorders of the nerves with mental pathology from the disorders of the nerves without mental

pathology, ie, psychiatric disorders from neurological disorders, the concept of psychosis provided the necessary orientation points for the development of the discipline that we now call psychiatry.9 isothipendyl The unitary concept of psychosis In the middle of the 19th century, psychosis was an allembracing diagnostic concept, which included all the different general forms of insanity separated by Fisquirol,10 ie, lypemania (melancholia of the ancient), monomania (partial insanity), mania (pure insanity), dementia, and imbecility (or idiocy), and all the different mental states Luminespib described by Griesinger,11 ie, mental depressions (lypemania), mental exaltations (monomania and mania), and mental weakness (dementia and imbecility).