Choosing the R&D strategy, managers evaluate two possible options. The first is based on the idea to perform the entire process inside the company, composing a highly experienced team of scientists. The second option is based on universities or research institutes and is founded on the reliance on leading academic laboratories created over time by “scientific stars.” This second possibility will Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical certainly reduce company costs as these academics frequently cofound the companies based on their discoveries and become part of the scientific boards. We have gathered strong evidence of this second option for the R&D strategy in the companies

we analyzed. The commercialization Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of the research-based product might represent another business area of the nanomedicine company. However, the typical option considered and adopted by managers is to license out the manufacturing and commercialization of the nanomedicine-based product

to larger companies. If this is the case, the business model pursued will not include commercialization, and the company will be technology and research based. The commercialization of the nanomedicine products/technologies is currently driven by startups and small-medium enterprises (SMEs) [4], and it is performed through three types of business models. (1) The development of a nanotechnology Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical platform that can be used to add value to check details second-party products: this business model seems to be particularly attractive for drug delivery companies, which typically license their particular Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical technologies out to pharmaceutical industries. Otherwise the drug delivery system is

tailored and applied to a specific drug complying the particular instructions of the larger company [4]. (2) The development and manufacturing of high-value materials for the medical device and pharmaceutical industry: several startups and SMEs merely provide nanomaterials Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical for the manufacture of medical devices or nanotechnology-enhanced drugs [4]. (3) The development of nanotechnology improved medical devices or pharmaceuticals: companies adopting this business model intend to develop a proprietary product pipeline as well as trying to bring to the market Rutecarpine place new or standard drugs delivered with a drug delivery system or else to develop, for example, a new diagnostic platform based on nanotechnologies [4]. 5. Regulatory Risk The US Food and Drug Administration’s long approval procedure and regulations make nanomedicine products different from those of other industries using nanotechnologies with no limitations due to regulatory bodies. As a consequence, the expenditure to bring a nanomedical product to the marketplace is so huge that pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries have no alternative but focus on the blockbusters that can please the stockholders [3].