coli. In this study, we sought to determine the capability of the C. jejuni CsrA ortholog to complement the phenotypes of an E. coli csrA mutant to gain insight into the mechanisms of C. jejuni CsrA function. The E. coli csrA mutation has several phenotypes that can be used as tools for determining the capability of CsrA orthologs from other

bacteria to complement the well-characterized E. coli strain. For instance, mutation of csrA in E. coli alters glycogen biosynthesis, biofilm accumulation, motility, and cellular morphology, as well as several other cellular processes. Mercante and colleagues [35] used the glycogen, biofilm, and motility phenotypes as a means to analyze the effects of comprehensive alanine-scanning mutagenesis of E. coli CsrA. In that study, AZD6244 concentration the authors were able to identify which amino acids were most important for regulating selleck chemical glycogen biosynthesis, biofilm production, and motility, while also defining two regions of CsrA that are responsible for RNA binding. When we compared representative CsrA orthologs from other bacteria, we found that C. jejuni CsrA is considerably divergent, as it clustered distantly from the E. coli ortholog. In part this is due to the significantly larger size of CsrA orthologs in the C. jejuni cluster (75–76 amino acids) as compared to the E. coli cluster (61–67 amino acids, Figure 1A). Considering the phylogenetic divergence of C. jejuni CsrA, we also

examined the amino acid sequences of several CsrA orthologs of the pathogenic bacteria represented in Figure 1A to investigate the conservation of individual residues known to be important for the function of E. coli CsrA [35], and found that C. jejuni CsrA is considerably divergent

in several key amino acid residues. Variability is found in both RNA binding domains, region 1 and region 2, although greater variation is found in region 2. The first region, residues 2–8, contains only two conservative substitutions (T5S and R7K) while the other four residues are identical. RNA binding region 2 is highly variable consisting of two residues that are identical to E. coli (R44 and E46), three Stattic nmr similar amino acids (V40L, V42I, and I47L), Erastin and three non-conservative substitutions (S41M, H43L, and E45K). Between the defined binding regions, there were two non-conservative substitutions (T19E and N35E) we found to be particularly interesting because of their reported ability to improve the regulatory functions of CsrA in E. coli[35]. Presently, we are not able to draw any specific conclusions as to the significance of the individual amino acid substitutions in C. jejuni as compared to E. coli; however, it is likely that this divergence from E. coli plays a role in the ability of the C. jejuni ortholog to bind to E. coli targets appropriately. In several studies, researchers characterizing the CsrA orthologues of different bacteria have used the glycogen biosynthesis phenotype of the E.