Multilocus sequence typing was performed on representative isolates of each clone. The 7-valent conjugate vaccine had not yet been licensed in Israel during the study period.
Results: Serotype 6A constituted 5.8% (254/4408) of all pneumococcal acute otitis media episodes. The yearly proportion of serotype 6A among the Jewish children showed no distinct trend, whereas among the Bedouin children serotype 6A exhibited a significant increase, from 3.0% in 1999 to 7.6% in 2006. Among the Jewish children a single penicillin-nonsusceptible and erythromycin-resistant clone, ST-473, constituted 73.6% of the strains and dominated throughout the study period.
Among the Bedouin children, the proportions of the most common, JQ-EZ-05 in vitro penicillin-nonsusceptible clone, ST-1988, gradually decreased, from 44.1% in 1999 to 2000 to 21.4% in 2005 to 2006, concurrently with the expansion of a multidrug-resistant clone, ST-457, from 5.9% in 1999 to 2000 to 28.6% in 2005 to 2006.
Conclusions: The expansion of multidrug-resistant serotype 6A clone occurred before the introduction of the vaccine. Continued surveillance following vaccine introduction is warranted to further investigate its efficacy on vaccine-related serotypes.”
“Background:
Prompt diagnosis and timely treatment of malaria within 24 hours after Proteases inhibitor onset of first symptoms can reduce illness progression to severe stages and therefore, decrease mortality. The reason why mothers/caretakers delay Cilengitide concentration in malaria diagnosis and treatment for under-five children is not well studied in Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to assess determinants of malaria treatment delay in under-five children in three districts of southwest Ethiopia.
Methods: A case control study was conducted from March 15 to April 20, 2010. Cases were under-five children
who had clinical malaria and sought treatment after 24 hours of developing sign and symptom, and controls were under-five children who had clinical malaria and sought treatment within 24 hours of developing sign and symptom of malaria. Data were collected by trained enumerators using structured questionnaire. Data were entered in to Epi Info version 6.04 and analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. To identify determinants, multiple logistic regression was done.
Results: A total of 155 mothers of cases and 155 mothers of controls were interviewed. Mothers of children who were in a monogamous marriage (OR = 3.41, 95% CI: 1.39, 8.34), who complained about the side effects of antimalarial drugs (OR = 4.96, 95% CI: 1.21, 20.36), who had no history of child death (OR = 3.50, 95% CI: 1.82, 6.42) and who complained about the higher cost of transportation to reach the health institutions (OR = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.17, 3.45) were more likely to be late for the treatment of malaria in under-five children.
Conclusion: Effective malaria control programmes should address reducing delayed presentation of children for treatment.