229, p = 0.63), or outdoors (χ2 (1) = 1.177, p = 0.28). Similarly, age, gender, type

of surgery, type of fracture, and number of co-morbid medical conditions were not associated with inappropriate walking aid use at 6 months. Most participants selleck compound (n = 82, 86%) were not aware of any goals set by the physiotherapist on discharge from the inpatient setting related to progression of their walking aid and ambulation. When goals were established and could be recalled by the participants they included such things as ‘aim to get onto a walking stick/four-wheeled walker as soon as possible’ (n = 5), ‘use the prescribed aid until safe to trial a walking stick indoors’ (n = 3), and ‘use until reviewed by the surgeon’ (n = 1). According to 89 (94%) participants a review time had not been set by the physiotherapist who prescribed the walking aid, and 58 (61%) were not aware of how long they should continue to use the prescribed walking aid. Of the 37 (39%) participants who stated that they were aware of how long they should use the prescribed aid, the most common responses were ‘assuming for life’ (n = 12) or ‘assuming buy ABT-737 for 6 weeks/3 months because that is the length of the loan period’ (n = 11). For only 16 (17%) participants, the decision to change a walking aid was based on the recommendation of a physiotherapist. Many participants made the decision to change

the aid themselves, citing reasons such as ‘walking/ confidence has improved’ (n = 28), ‘doesn’t feel that the aid is required anymore’

(n = 7), ‘prefer one (walking aid) over another’ or ‘find one (walking aid) easier to use’ (n = 10). Others (n = 10, 11%) based their decision to change the aid on the recommendation of people other than physiotherapists, including a family member, a care worker Edoxaban at a residential care facility, a community nurse, or an orthopaedic surgeon. The research physiotherapist reported that 25 (32%) of the 79 participants who changed their aid began using an inappropriate walking aid or using it incorrectly. Reasons for concern included that the aid was too high (n = 9) or too low (n = 2), that mobility was unsafe (n = 7), that the aid was being used incorrectly (in the wrong hand or the wrong way around, n = 3), and that the aid was inappropriate (n = 4: difficulty turning two-wheeled walker, antalgic gait leading to an increase in hip pain, push down brakes too difficult for patient to understand, use of a tray mobile instead of a walking aid). In this sample we found that a high proportion of hip fracture patients are discharged from hospital on a walking aid without a clear understanding of when to change aids and are not returning to their pre-morbid walking aid by six months after their fracture. There was a lack of walking aid review by a physiotherapist throughout this period and a high number of participants were making their own decisions about what walking aid was most appropriate for their use.

5 mm and ≤ 4.0 mm by angiogram; 4) main target vessel classified as Thrombolysis and Myocardial Infarction find more (TIMI) grade 3 flow and 5) lesion length ≤ 25 mm. Patients were excluded if there was evidence of an acute myocardial infarction (MI) within 72 hours prior to the intended treatment or previous percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or surgery on any vessel within 30 days prior to the intended intervention. Additionally, only one lesion could

be treated during the index procedure. If the patient had two lesions, the patient was staged and the non-target lesion was treated first. Per study protocol, the creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB) levels were required to be within laboratory normal ranges at least 12 hours after non-target lesion treatment and within 8 hours prior to treating the target lesion. The Diamondback 360º® Coronary Orbital Atherectomy System (Cardiovascular Systems, Inc., St. Paul, MN) has been successfully used to treat calcified peripheral vascular stenosis

since 2007. The system has been adapted for use in coronary arteries. The OAS is a percutaneous, endovascular system that incorporates the use of centrifugal force and differential sanding to modify calcified lesions. The OAS utilizes an eccentrically mounted, diamond-coated crown (Fig. 1) that orbits over an atherectomy guide wire at high speeds. Position of the crown within the vessel www.selleckchem.com/products/abt-199.html is controlled via a control handle (Fig. 2). As treatment proceeds, a thin layer of plaque is removed with each pass of the crown. This allows the crown to “sand” away the calcified lesion while the more elastic Resveratrol tissue flexes away from the crown to increase lumen size and modify plaque compliance, depending on the rotational speed chosen. The crown’s orbital diameter expands radially via centrifugal force. The orbital atherectomy procedure removes the calcified stenotic lesion material to increase vessel compliance prior to balloon angioplasty and stent placement, which

may lead to reduced acute vascular injury. Overall, 50 patients were enrolled in the ORBIT I multi-center study. One of the participating centers (Care Institute of Medical Sciences (CIMS), Ahmedabad, India) enrolled and followed 33 of these 50 ORBIT I patients were followed up at Care Institute of Medical Sciences (CIMS), Ahmedabad, India. Ethics committee approval was received and Good Clinical Practice (GCP) guidelines were followed for the conduct of the study. Patients who met the inclusion/exclusion criteria and gave written informed consent were enrolled. All procedures were performed electively. Patients underwent percutaneous coronary treatment in the standard fashion.

The mixture was filtered using 0.22 μm milipore filter with vacuum assistance and sonicated by ultrasonic bath for 15–20 min. A stock solution was prepared by dissolving accurately weighed 100 mg of clebopride in 100 mL of methanol to yield a final concentration of 1 mg/mL, sonicated for 5 min, allowed to equilibrate to room temperature. The stock solution (1000 μg/mL of clebopride) was diluted suitably and spiked with human blank plasma to get 1–60 ng/mL of drug. 200 μL of each calibration standards were pipetted PI3K inhibitor into a series of Ria vial tube and vortexed briefly. 3 mL of mixture of diethyl ether: dichloromethane (50:50 (v/v)) was added to each

Ria vial and caped. All calibration samples were vortexed for approximately for 3 min and centrifuged at 4000 rpm for approximately 5 min at 10 °C. The organic layer (2.0 mL) was quantitatively transferred to a 4 mL glass tube and evaporated to dryness at 40 °C under a stream of nitrogen. Then, the dried extract was reconstituted Selleck RAD001 in 200 μL of mobile phase and a 20 μL aliquot was injected into the chromatographic system using Hamilton syringe. The drug was estimated at 283 nm using UV detector to maximize the signal of compound and minimize the

signal of plasma interferents. The ratio of mobile phases was optimized by several trials to get good resolution and symmetric peak shape for the clebopride. The developed HPLC method was optimized by monitoring chromatographic parameters including retention time, column efficiency (HETP) of the various variations of composition, and flow rate of mobile phase. Efficiency values (N) showed the results of ≥4400, this suggested that the sharp peak produced enough. The system Histamine H2 receptor suitability parameters are given in Table 1. The developed method was evaluated for linearity, selectivity, accuracy and precision, stability during various stress conditions including bench top stability, freeze thaw stability, stability of stock solutions and dilution integrity and recovery. Blank plasma was tested for endogenous interference. Selectivity was evaluated by extracting different blank plasma samples. The

absence of interfering peaks at the same retention time of clebopride was considered as evidence for selectivity of the method. The typical chromatograms for the blank plasma and sample are given in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 respectively. Calibration curve was plotted by taking concentration of analyte in X axis and detector response in Y axis. The developed method was linear in the concentration range of 1–60 ng/mL with the correlation coefficient value of 0.998. Slope and intercept of the linearity curve ( Fig. 4) was found to be 20.23 and 0.919 respectively. Recovery of clebopride was evaluated by comparing the detector response of clebopride in three quality control samples (LQC, MQC and HQC) with the response of same in equivalent methanolic solutions (Table 2).

Platon Kostyuk a passé son baccalauréat au début de la seconde Guerre Mondiale. En 1941, il s’est réfugié à Stalingrad où il a passé ses examens dans 2 instituts à la fois : l’Institut de Médecine et l’Institut de Pédagogie. Abiraterone Il fréquenta aussi la faculté de langues étrangères, ce qui lui permit de maîtriser parfaitement 3 langues étrangères : anglais, français et allemand. Toutefois

il n’y passa qu’un an. L’avancée des troupes allemandes sur Stalingrad poussa son père à se réfugier en 1942 à Kzil-Orda, où il continua ses études de biologie à la faculté de médecine. En 1943, incorporé dans l’Armée Rouge, il fit son service militaire dans un régiment de réserve, puis étudia à l’école de médecine militaire de Kharkov, déplacée à Achkhabad pendant la guerre, et travailla comme infirmier dans un bataillon médical de réserve. Après sa démobilisation en 1945 il revint dans sa ville natale et reprit ses études à la faculté de biologie de l’Université de Kiev pendant un an. En find more 1949 il termina aussi ses études à la faculté de Médecine de l’Université de Kiev (Fig. 2). Encore étudiant, Platon Kostyuk commença à faire de la recherche dans le laboratoire de Physiologie de l’Université de Kiev dirigé par Daniil Vorontsov, un des fondateurs de l’électrophysiologie moderne. Ce premier travail expérimental fut à l’origine

de son intérêt profond pour les mécanismes de fonctionnement du système nerveux. En 1950 Platon Kostyuk soutint une thèse équivalant à un “Ph.D.” et en 1957 une thèse de Doctorat d’Etat (Fig. 3). Dès les années ‘50 Platon Kostyuk fut le premier en URSS à pratiquer des enregistrements intracellulaires Rolziracetam sur des neurones de la moelle épinière à l’aide de microélectrodes de verre. Il publia son expérience et ses résultats dans deux ouvrages : «La technique des microélectrodes» et «Les deux neurones de l’arc réflexe». Dans sa foulée, de nombreux laboratoires en URSS purent contribuer au développement des notions de processus physico-chimiques dans les cellules, des mécanismes de la transmission synaptique et de génération des

excitations neuronales. De 1958 jusqu’à sa mort Platon Grigorevitch Kostyuk a travaillé dans l’Institut Bogomolets de Kiev où il dirigea le Laboratoire de Physiologie du système nerveux et développa les études de physiologie cellulaire, neurophysiologie moléculaire et biophysique des membranes. En 1960 et 1961 il a travaillé dans le laboratoire de John Eccles à Canberra (Australie). Dans ses mémoires, Platon Kostyuk rapporte: John Eccles, qui a obtenu plus tard le prix Nobel, était un grand neurophysiologiste qui ne connaissait rien de mes travaux. C’est vraiment un concours de circonstances qui m’a permis de le rencontrer et de travailler avec lui. En 1959 le “rideau de fer” est devenu moins hermétique et il est devenu possible de voyager à l’étranger; j’ai ainsi pu faire partie de la délégation soviétique au Congrès international de Physiologie de Buenos Aires.

However this global pattern of disparities is likely to be repeated

within as well as between countries [6]. Poorer households and poorer regions within a particular country are likely to have high diarrhea mortality risk and lower levels of timely vaccination coverage. This suggests that distribution of the benefit, cost-effectiveness and residual (post-vaccination) rotavirus mortality are also likely to differ after vaccine introduction. This paper estimates the geographic and socio-economic distributional effects of rotavirus vaccine introduction within a subset of countries eligible for funding by the GAVI Alliance. This includes the distribution of benefits, cost-effectiveness, and residual (post-vaccine introduction) mortality risk. The main research question is ‘how do outcomes differ across geographic and socio-economic gradients at the regional, national, and sub-national scales?’ Autophagy inhibitor Better understanding of distributional effects is essential in tackling the substantial remaining rotavirus mortality burden, even with vaccination. Distributional effects also have implications this website for decisions about where to invest first, even among and within GAVI-eligible countries. Best practices for economic evaluations of health interventions

typically require distributional analyses to assess who within a population is more or less likely to benefit. This is based on an understanding that cost-effectiveness is just one criterion in decision-making and other factors, such as who benefits, also need to be

considered. While in practice, few vaccine cost-effectiveness studies directly explore these issues, there is evidence that vaccination can have both pro-poor and anti-poor distributional effects. Bishai et al. demonstrated that near universal measles vaccination in Bangladesh reduced disparities in under-5 mortality [7]. Michaelidis et al. found that efforts in reducing disparities in influenza vaccination among elderly minority groups in the US was moderate Oxalosuccinic acid to highly cost-effective [8]. Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination provides a somewhat different scenario. While the burden of cervical cancer is disproportionately borne by poorer women with limited access to prevention and timely treatment, vaccination programs may similarly miss the target population [9] and [10]. Several approaches have been suggested for addressing distributional and equity concerns in cost-effectiveness. One approach is to explicitly weight outcomes among the poor as higher than those among better off sub-populations through an equity weight [11] and [12]. In some cases, weights are suggested based on socio-economic status and in other contexts based on the severity of individual conditions [13]. In some contexts there is an equity-efficiency tradeoff where the most impactful or efficient is not the most equitable [14]. Walensky et al.

“
“The Multicenter Uveitis Steroid Treatment Trial Research NVP-BKM120 cell line Group. The Multicenter Uveitis Steroid Treatment Trial: Rationale, Design, and Baseline Characteristics. Am J Ophthalmol 2010;149(4):550–561. In the April 2010 issue, an error is reported in the above article. The number of eyes with uveitis in the study was incorrectly reported as 481. The correct number of eyes is 479, as two eyes with a history of uveitis had been enucleated prior to randomization. Because the enucleated eyes made up 0.42% of eyes in the study as initially reported and

would have contributed missing data, the impact on results likely is negligible. The authors regret the error. “
“Gemmy Cheung CM, Yeo I, Li X, Mathur R, Lee SY, Chan CM, Wong D, Wong TY. Argon Laser With and Without Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Therapy for Extrafoveal Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 2013:155(2):295–304. In the February 2013 issue, an error was reported in the above article. The correct specification of the laser used was not an Argon laser but rather a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser (532 nm, Visulas 532 Green Laser System; Carl Zeiss, Meditec, Dublin, California, USA). ‘Focal’ laser should replace the term ‘Argon’ laser in the title and throughout the article. The authors regret the error. “
“Bitner H, Schatz P, Mizrahi-Meissonnier L, selleck Sharon D, Rosenberg T. Frequency, Genotype, and Clinical Spectrum

of Best Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy: Data From a National Center in Denmark. Am J Ophthalmol 2012;154(2):403-412. In the August 2012 issue, an error is reported in the above article. The mutation described as c.904G>T appears in Table 1, in the text, and in Supplemental Figure 1. The nucleotide change is, in fact c.904G>A, rather than c.904G>T. However,

the described protein change (p.Asp302Asn) is correct as described in the article. The authors regret this error. “
“Macular drusen are the hallmark lesions of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).1 and 2 They are identified on ophthalmoscopy as focal yellow-white subretinal deposits, which are pathologic extracellular deposits between the basal lamina of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the inner collagenous layer of Bruch membrane.3, 4 and 5 Drusen contain a wide variety of compounds that appear to reflect the complex pathogenesis of AMD. Important constituents of drusen are else neutral lipids,6 and 7 carbohydrates,8 zinc,9 and a wide variety of proteins. Many proteins found in drusen are associated with inflammation and/or immune-associated processes, including a broad spectrum of complement components.10 and 11 In addition, associations between AMD and genetic variants in complement genes have been reported, which supports the role of low-grade inflammation and an abnormal regulation of the complement system in drusen pathogenesis.12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20 Drusen are an important quantifier of the severity of AMD.

, 2004)). Although clear interactions

between NPY and pro-stress systems in the regulation of stress-related emotionality still need to be established, it is likely that the balance of these neuropeptides and transmitters in stress-related circuits plays a pivotal role in mediating resilience to stress-associated responses discussed in this review. Human studies have identified associations between NPY and stress resilience. In healthy human subjects, plasma NPY levels have been shown to rise in response to stress (Morgan 3rd and et al, 2001, Morgan 3rd and et al, 2000 and Morgan 3rd and et al, 2002). For example, when military soldiers underwent an interrogation Navitoclax mouse model of extreme psychological stress to mimic the captive experience of prisoners of war, higher levels of NPY following interrogation were present in soldiers displaying lower psychological distress or belonging to special operations forces (Morgan 3rd and et al, 2000 and Morgan 3rd and et al, 2002). NPY levels were positively associated with feelings of dominance and self-confidence, and superior performance under interrogation stress (Morgan 3rd and et al, 2001, Morgan selleck screening library 3rd and et al, 2000 and Morgan 3rd and et al, 2002). Genetic variants of the preproNPY gene have been associated with differential stress responses

and emotionality (Mickey and et al, 2011 and Zhou and et al, 2008). Specific NPY haplotypes have been correlated to postmortem levels of NPY mRNA in the brain, plasma NPY concentrations, and brain activity in response to stressful challenges (Zhou et al., 2008). Individuals possessing

a genotype associated with low NPY expression report more negative emotional experiences during a painful stressor, exhibit greater amygdalar reactivity in response to threat-related facial images, and exhibit low stress resilience compared to high NPY genotype carriers (Mickey and et al, 2011 and Zhou and et al, 2008). Haplotype-driven NPY expression is also inversely correlated to trait anxiety in healthy individuals (Zhou et al., 2008). Studies in humans with stress-related psychiatric to disorders have also revealed a role for NPY in resilience (Eaton et al., 2007, Morales-Medina et al., 2010, Sah and et al, 2009, Rasmusson and et al, 2000a and Morgan 3rd and et al, 2003), although the evidence stems primarily from populations with PTSD and depression. Rodent studies have provided a wealth of evidence for NPY in resilience to anxiety (see below), but few human studies have been conducted to determine the profile of NPY in generalized anxiety, obsessive compulsive, social anxiety, and panic disorders. One study found an association between a single-nucleotide polymorphism of the NPY gene and increased risk for generalized anxiety disorder in individuals exposed to high stress (Amstadter et al., 2010).

Experimental results were expressed as mean ± SD. The data were analyzed for statistical significance by Analysis of Variance.22 Data were considered significant at p < 0.05. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of silver nanoparticles click here synthesized by M. pubescens was studied. The decolorization from purple DPPH radical to yellow DPPHH molecule by the sample in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 84 ± 0.25 μg/ml indicated the sample’s high radical scavenging activity which was closer to that of the standard whose IC50 value was found to be 80 ± 0.69 μg/ml as shown in Fig. 1. Superoxide anion derived from

dissolved oxygen by PMS-NADH coupling reaction reduced NBT. The decrease of absorbance at 560 nm with antioxidants indicated the consumption selleck screening library of superoxide anion in the reaction mixture. The silver nanoparticles (100 μg/ml) exhibited superoxide

radical scavenging activity of 34 ± 1.21% comparable to that of the standard which showed 43 ± 1.06% activity. Absorbance values of the sample and the standard were higher than that of control as in Fig. 2. The scavenging capacity of the silver nanoparticles from leaf extract of M. pubescens was shown in Fig. 3. At a concentration of 100 μg/ml, the silver nanoparticles showed 37 ± 2.01% hydroxyl radical scavenging activity with the standard tocopherol activity being 42 ± 2.22%. The radical scavenging capacity of the sample might be attributed to phenolic compounds in the sample with the ability to accept electrons, which could combine with free radical competitively to decrease hydroxyl radical. The presence of

chelating agents in the sample disrupted the Ferrozine-Fe2+ complex Tryptophan synthase formation. Thus the decrease in the absorbance at 562 nm indicated high levels of iron binding potential and antioxidant activity of the nanoparticles (Fig. 4). The sample of 100 μg/ml concentration possessed 56 ± 1.36% metal chelating activity with EDTA expressing 62 ± 1.78% activity. The assay was based on the reduction of Mo (VI) to Mo (V) by the sample and subsequent formation of a green phosphate-Mo (V) complex at acidic pH. The silver nanoparticles exhibited powerful antioxidant activity of 57 ± 1.65% compared to that of the standard with 69 ± 1.22% activity, in the reduction of phosphomolybdenum complex as shown in the Fig. 5. The FTC method was used to measure the peroxide levels during the initial stage of lipid peroxidation. Silver nanoparticles successfully inhibited the oxidation of linoleic acid. Low absorbance values of the sample compared to the control indicated high levels of antioxidant activity. The absorbance of the control increased till 6th day and then decreased entering into the secondary stage of lipid peroxidation. Fig. 6 detailed the absorbance values with respect to days of incubation.

Influences of the prenatal environment on the development of the hypothalamus were indicated in studies investigating the effects of prenatal high fat diet exposure. Perinatal high fat diet

exposure was shown to alter the development of hypothalamic leptin and insulin signaling (reviewed in (Coupe and Bouret, 2013)). Our studies showed that adult offspring of PNS rats had decrease expression of neuropeptide-Y and agouti-related peptide, and increased expression of proopiomelanocortin in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, but these increases correlated with the increased adiposity and leptin in these animals, making it hard to distinguish cause and consequence (Boersma et al., Paclitaxel chemical structure 2014a). Neuronal development of the hypothalamus takes place primarily during the early postnatal period (Coupe and Bouret, 2013), therefore direct effects of PNS on the development of this brain area see more is unllikely. In studies investigating the effects of prenatal diet, it has been shown that leptin levels and signaling were altered in offspring from high fat diet fed dams ( Sun et al., 2012). During development leptin acts as a trophic factor, which in turn may alter neuronal development (reviewed in ( Sun et al., 2012 and Bouret, 2009)). Whether PNS also alters the development of the leptin signaling pathways remains to be determined. While circulating leptin levels were not different

between control and PNS offspring ( Tamashiro et al., 2009) in this study, other hormones related to energy homeostasis, such as insulin, ghrelin and amylin have critical roles during development and may have been altered by PNS and have had significant influences on brain maturation. to Future studies into neuronal development of feeding related brain areas are needed to investigate this. PNS may alter development of brain areas involved in emotion and reward through alterations in expression of trophic factors such as brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF or Bdnf). PNS

was shown to decrease expression of Bdnf in hippocampus ( Neeley et al., 2011) and amygdala ( Boersma et al., 2014b). With its important role in neuronal development, a decrease in Bdnf may have consequences for the development of a wide variety of neuronal pathways (reviewed in ( Park and Poo, 2013)) and thereby it may affect the phenotype of the PNS offspring. Neeley and colleagues showed that the effects of PNS on Bdnf expression in the hippocampus are strain dependent. They showed that baseline Bdnf expression was increased in PNS offspring of the Sprague Dawley and Lewis rat strains, but that PNS did not affect baseline Bdnf expression in the Fischer 344 strain ( Neeley et al., 2011). As mentioned previously, the Lewis and Fischer strains were differentially affected by PNS: PNS Lewis rats showed alterations in depression-like behaviors, whereas the Fischer 344 strain seems relatively unaffected by PNS ( Stohr et al., 1998).

2 F (>39 °C). Solicited systemic reactions, unsolicited AEs and all other reactions were considered grade 1 if they were noticeable but did not interfere with daily activities, grade 2 if they interfered with activities, and grade 3 if they prevented daily activity. All subjects at vaccination were issued a questionnaire to record whether

high throughput screening they felt the needle puncture, to compare the level of pain to that of previous seasonal influenza vaccinations, and whether they would elect to receive subsequent vaccinations by the same method. The questionnaire also included a verbal rating scale [21] to assess the level of pain experienced during vaccination. Safety was analyzed in all immunized subjects. Immunogenicity

was analyzed in all immunized subjects who provided a blood sample at day 28. Missing data were not replaced. Statistical calculations were made using SAS® software, version 8.2 or higher (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). For GMTs and Cyclopamine GMT ratios (GMT at day 28/GMT at day 0), 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were constructed by standard methods based on the t distribution, assuming a normal distribution of the log10 titers. A GMT for an ID or HD vaccine was considered non-inferior to corresponding GMT of the SD vaccine if the lower limit of the two-sided 95% CI of the ratio of the two values (GMTID/GMTSD or GMTHD/GMTSD) was >0.66 and superior if the lower limit was >1.0. For seroconversion rates, two-sided 95% CIs were constructed using the

exact binomial method. For seroconversion rate differences between vaccine groups, two-sided asymptotic 95% CIs were constructed. A seroconversion rate for an ID or HD vaccine was considered non-inferior to the corresponding seroconversion rate of the SD vaccine if the lower limit of the two-sided 95% CI of the difference between the two values was Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II greater than −10% and superior if the lower limit was >0. In all post hoc or other comparative analyses, GMT values were considered significantly higher if the lower limit of the two-sided 95% CI of the ratio of the higher to the lower value was >1.0, and seroconversion or seroprotection rates were considered significantly higher if the lower limit of the two-sided 95% CI of the difference between the higher and lower value was greater than >0. A total of 2098 subjects enrolled in the study (Fig. 1). Of these, 1912 were older adults (≥65 years of age) of whom 635 received the 15 μg ID vaccine, 635 the 21 μg ID vaccine, 319 the SD vaccine, and 320 the HD vaccine. All younger adult subjects received SD vaccine (n = 186). Sixteen subjects discontinued the study but none were considered to be for treatment-related reasons. The four older adult groups had similar baseline characteristics and mean ages ( Table 1). Slightly more than half of the subjects in all groups were women and most were Caucasian.