More than 80% of clinical CoNS strains and 30% to 40% of CoNS obtained from healthy carriers or patients from the community are resistant to methicillin [8]. Bactroban Nasal (Mupirocin ointment) has been approved for nasal clearance of S. aureus and significantly reduces the risk of postoperative staphylococcal infection

in carriers [9]. However, mupirocin IWR 1 resistance has already been reported, and its use is restricted in many countries. A superior product for intranasal prophylaxis in at-risk patients is therefore an unmet medical need. New chemical entities take longer to develop, and killing by broad-spectrum antibiotics is undesirable. Current efforts are therefore focused on pathogen-specific biological entities such as peptidoglycan hydrolases [10], antibodies [11], and other this website antimicrobial peptides and proteins [12]. For example, lysostaphin is a bacterial

peptidoglycan hydrolase that has been extensively studied for its antistaphylococcal activity in various animal models [13–15]. Bacteriophages are viruses that infect and kill bacteria and have co-evolved with bacterial defenses [16]. Bacteriophages have been used for human therapy in several Eastern European countries for decades [17]. Although they have not been used in clinical applications in Western countries, the United States Food and Drug Administration recently approved the use of bacteriophages to prevent bacterial contamination in meat [18]. In

addition, bacteriophages are a good source of cell wall-degrading enzymes, which have been evaluated as antibacterial agents [19–21]. P128 is a novel chimeric protein that derives its staphylococcal Selleck Sirolimus cell wall-degrading enzymatic domain from the gene product, ORF56, of bacteriophage K and the cell wall-targeting domain (SH3b) from Lysostaphin (Pubmed accession no. of Lysostaphin gene: M 15686.1). We have previously reported the construction of this novel chimeric protein and assignment of its peptidoglycan hydrolase activity to the Cysteine, Histidine-dependent AmidoHydrolase/peptidase (CHAP) domain. We also demonstrated the efficacy of P128 in nasal clearance of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA; strain USA300) in a rodent model [22]. P128 is under development for topical indications including use against S. aureus nasal carriage. In this study we tested the antistaphylococcal activity of P128 by determining minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), time-kill kinetics, and activity against Staphylococci from human nares. Methods Bacterial strains All S. aureus strains used in the study are listed in Table 1. These include 30 clinical strains (27 MRSA strains and 3 MSSA strains) from the Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey and two USA 500 strains. Table 1 MIC and MBC of P128 against 32 Staphylococcus aureus strains Sl. No.

Chem Eur

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GZ: Hierarchical three dimensional ZnCo 2 O 4 nanowire arrays/carbon cloth anodes for a novel class of high-performance flexible lithium-ion batteries. Nano Lett 2012, 12:3005–3011.CrossRef 32. Wang X, Han XD, Lim MF, Singh N, Gan CL, Ma J, Lee PS: Nickel cobalt oxide-single wall carbon nanotube composite material for superior cycling stability and high-performance supercapacitor application. J Phys Chem C 2012, 116:12448–12454.CrossRef 33. Gupta V, Gupta S, Miura N: Potentiostatically deposited nanostructured Co x Ni 1-x layered double hydroxides as electrode materials for redox-supercapacitors. J Power Source 2008, 175:680–685.CrossRef 34. Hu CC, Cheng Celecoxib CY: Ideally pseudocapacitive behavior of amorphous hydrous cobalt nickel oxide prepared by anodic deposition. J Electrochem Solid-State Lett 2002, 5:A43-A46.CrossRef 35. Luo YS, Luo JS, Zhou WW, Qi XY, Zhang H, Denis YWY, Li CM, Fan HJ, Yu T: Controlled synthesis of hierarchical graphene-wrapped TiO 2 @Co 3 O 4 coaxial nanobelt arrays for high-performance lithium storage. J Mater Chem A 2013, 1:273–28.CrossRef 36. Liu S, Liu XH, Li ZP, Yang SR, Wang JQ: Fabrication of free-standing grapheme polyaniline nanofibers composite paper via electrostatic adsorption for electrochemical supercapacitors. New J Chem 2011, 35:369–374.CrossRef 37.

CrossRef 23. Kim C-H, Pyun S-I, Kim J-H: An investigation of the capacitance

dispersion on the fractal carbon electrode with edge and basal orientations. Electrochim Acta 2003,48(23):3455–3463.CrossRef 24. Pyun S-I, Rhee C-K: An investigation of fractal characteristics of mesoporous carbon electrodes with various pore structures. Electrochim Acta 2004, 49:4171–4180.CrossRef 25. Hoinkis S: Small-angle scattering of neutrons and X-rays from carbons and graphites. In Chemistry and Physics of Carbon 25. Edited by: Thrower SB203580 order PA. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1997:71–241. 26. Calo JM, Hall PJ, Houtmann S, Lozano-Castelló D, Winans RE, Seifert S: “Real time” determination of porosity development in carbons: a combined SAXS/TGA approach. In Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, Characterisation of Porous Solids IV. Volume 144. Edited by: Rodriguez-Reinoso F, McEnaney B, Rouquerol J, Unger K. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science; 2002:59–66. 27. Svergun DI, Feygin LА: X-ray and Neutron Small-Angle Scattering. Moskow: selleck kinase inhibitor Nauka; 1986. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions BKO performed the problem definition and participated in the discussion of the experimental results. VIM stated the choice method and subjects of investigation, participated in the analysis and interpretation of data, and wrote the paper. YOK designed and performed

the SAXS experiment and calculated the parameters of PCM porous structure. NIN fabricated the initial standard and performed its thermal modification. All authors Mannose-binding protein-associated serine protease read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Nanostructures with monodisperse arrangement nanopores have been used widely as template to fabricate various functional nanomaterials [1–4]. One of such nanostructures is well-known porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO), which

is considered as one of the most prominent template owing to its advantages of controllable diameter, high aspect ratio, and economical way in producing [1, 5–7]. To this day, a variety of synthetic methods have been developed to fabricate porous AAO, typically fabricated from anodizing bulk aluminum foils or plates at constant voltage or current density in various electrolytes such as sulfuric redacid, oxalic acid, phosphoric acid, etc [8–11]. However, it needs great care in the process of preparation of the aluminum substrate and the manipulation of the anodic film since the AAO is a brittle ceramic film grown on soft aluminum metal [12]. Thus, direct fabricating AAO onto rigid substrates become a more convenient and important technique to prepare vertical nanostructures. The fabrication of AAO on Si substrates has been well established [12–17], while many photonic applications call for nanowire structures on transparent conductive substrates. The tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) glass is a good choice to satisfy this demand [18–20].

aureus. BMC Microbiol 2009, 9:106.PubMedCrossRef 10. Trampuz A, Steinhuber A, Wittwer M, Leib SL: Rapid diagnosis of experimental meningitis by bacterial heat production in cerebrospinal fluid. BMC Infect Dis 2007, 7:116.PubMedCrossRef 11. Trampuz A, Salzmann S, Antheaume J, Daniels AU: Microcalorimetry: a novel method for detection of microbial contamination in platelet products. Transfusion 2007,47(9):1643–1650.PubMedCrossRef 12. Braissant O, Wirz D, Göpfert B, Daniels

AU: Use of isothermal microcalorimetry to monitor microbial activities. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2010, 303:1–8.PubMedCrossRef 13. Antheaume J, Salzmann S, Steinhuber A, Frei R, Daniels A, Trampuz A: Microcalorimetry – a novel method for rapid diagnosis of bloodstream infections [abstract O103]. 17th ECCMID/25th ICC abstracts – abstracts of the 17th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, and check details 25th International Congress of Chemotherapy. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007,29(Suppl 1):S22. Authors’ contributions DCZ carried out bacterial cultures and inocula preparation, data processing and analysis. CI carried out microDSC experiments and data processing. ATS carried out microDSC experiments and data processing. AAM carried out bacterial cultures and

inocula preparation, microDSC experiments and data processing and analysis. OB carried out bacterial cultures and inocula preparation, microDSC experiments and data processing and analysis. VTP initiated and conceived this study, designed and Cepharanthine supervised microDSC experiments and data analysis. MIP initiated and conceived this study, designed and supervised bacterial growth. MAB initiated selleck kinase inhibitor and conceived this study,

supervised the preparation of the manuscript. All authors participated in drafting of the manuscript and approved its final form.”
“Background Lactate is a major product of anaerobic metabolism. D-, L, and DL-lactic acid can be utilized by anaerobic and aerobic microorganisms as a carbon and energy source. Propionibacteria preferentially ferment L-lactate to propionate, acetate and carbon dioxide [1], Eubacterium hallii ferments both lactate isomers to butyrate in the human colon [2], while D-lactate is fermented to acetate by sulfate-reducing bacteria such as Desulfovibrio vulgaris [3], or to butyrate by e.g. Clostridium indolis-related strains isolated from human feces [2]. D-lactic acidosis in humans, which can lead to neurotoxicity and cardiac arythmia, is associated with an imbalance of production and degradation of D-lactate by the colonic microbiome [4]. D-lactate oxidizing enzymes have been described in eukaryotes and bacteria [5–8]. In Escherichia coli two membrane associated oxidizing lactate dehydrogenases are known. LldD is specific for L-lactate and is not able to oxidize D-lactate as substrate, meanwhile the second Lactate dehydrogenase Dld shows high affinity to D-lactate but also low affinity activity with L-lactate.

Acknowledgements This work selleck inhibitor was supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MEST) (no. 2012–0009523). References 1. Yeo CI, Kim JB, Song YM, Lee YT: Antireflective silicon nanostructures with hydrophobicity by metal-assisted chemical etching for solar cell applications. Nanoscale Res Lett 2013, 8:159.CrossRef 2. Tsakalakos L, Blach J, Fronheiser

J, Korevaar A, Sulima O, Rand J: Silicon nanowire solar cells. Appl Phys Lett 2007, 91:233117.CrossRef 3. Lo SS, Chen CC, Garwe F, Pertch T: Broad-band anti-reflection coupler for a: Si thin-film solar cell. J Phys D Appl Phys 2007, 40:754–758.CrossRef 4. Kanamori Y, Ishimori M, Hane K: High efficient light-emitting diodes with antireflection subwavelength gratings. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 2002, 14:1064–1066.CrossRef 5. Lee C, Bae SY, Mobasser S, Manohara H: A novel silicon nanotips antireflection surface for the micro Sun sensor. Nano Lett 2005,

5:2438–2442.CrossRef 6. Clapham PB, Hutley MC: Reduction of lens reflexion by the “Moth Eye” principle. Nature 1973, 244:281–282.CrossRef 7. Prevo BG, Hon EW, Velev OD: Assembly and characterization of colloid-based antireflective coatings on multicrystalline silicon solar cells. J Mater Chem 2007, 17:791–799.CrossRef 8. Sun CH, Min WL, Linn NC, Jiang P, Jiang B: Templated fabrication of large area selleck chemicals llc subwavelength antireflection gratings on silicon. Appl Phys Lett 2007, 91:231105.CrossRef 9. Bernhard CG: Structural and functional adaptation in a visual system. Endeavour 1967, 26:79–84. 10. Hadobás K, Kirsch S, Carl A, Acet M, Wassermann EF: Reflection properties of nanostructure-arrayed silicon surfaces. Nanotechnology 2000, 11:161–164.CrossRef 11. Kanamori Y, Hane K, Sai H, Yugami H: 100 nm

period silicon antireflection structures fabricated using a porous alumina membrane mask. Appl Phys Lett 2001, 78:770–774.CrossRef 12. Kanamori Y, Sasaki M, Hane K: Broadband antireflection gratings fabricated upon silicon substrates. Opt Lett 1999, 24:142–143.CrossRef 13. Benedicto M, Galiana B, Molina-Aldareguia JM, Monaghan S, Hurley PK, Cherkaoui K, Vazquez L, Tejedor P: Fabrication Galeterone of HfO 2 patterns by laser interference nanolithography and selective dry etching for III-V CMOS application. Nanoscale Res Lett 2011, 6:400.CrossRef 14. Gorisse T, Dupré L, Gentile P, Martin M, Zelsmann M, Buttard D: Highly organised and dense vertical silicon nanowire arrays grown in porous alumina template on <100 > silicon wafers. Nanoscale Res Lett 2013, 8:287.CrossRef 15. Wydeven T: Plasma polymerized coating for polycarbonate: single layer, abrasion resistant, and antireflection. Appl Opt 1977, 16:717–721.CrossRef 16. Li X, Shen J: A scratch-resistant and hydrophobic broadband antireflective coating by sol–gel method. Thin Solid Films 2011, 519:6236–6240.CrossRef 17. Wang C, Jin Y, Zhang D, Shao J, Fan Z: A comparative study of the influence of different post-treatment methods on the properties of HfO 2 single layers.

Many salient Raman peaks https://www.selleckchem.com/products/azd2014.html can be observed from the Rhodamine 6G (R6G) probe [27]. In comparison, different molar concentrations of R6G adsorbed on nanogold films shows a collection of spectra illustrating the efficiency of the SERS. As the molar concentration of R6G decreases, the intensity of the Raman spectra decreases. The junctions between the aggregated nanoparticles or nanoislands are believed to be SERS ‘hot spots’ where large field enhancements down to a single molecule are observed [28, 29]. This is the result of localized surface plasmon resonance coupled between the nanoparticles and enhanced electromagnetic

field intensity localized at the nanoparticle junctions [30]. Figure 4 SERS spectra of R6G adsorbed on the surface of the Au nanofilm/glass. Discussion To compare the impact of continuous ultrathin gold nanofilms on the absorption of visible light, plasmonic enhancement of the P3HT:PCBM bulk heterojunction system is demonstrated in a spin-cast device with HSP tumor an incorporated continuous ultrathin gold nanofilm thicknesses of 2 nm

or so which are chosen to be sufficiently thin to limit the amount of light absorbed before reaching the active layer. The nanofilm incorporated with gold in the active P3HT:PCBM layer is shown to have significantly greater absorbance enhancement than the nanofilm without gold in the entire excitation spectral range in Figure 3. As shown in Figure 2, the optical absorption spectrum of the continuous ultrathin gold nanofilm has high light transmittance and broad surface plasmon resonance band in the wavelength range of 300 to 1,000

nm. Therefore, the results Beta adrenergic receptor kinase demonstrate that the enhancement of absorption in the wavelength range of 350 to 1,000 nm is due to the surface plasmon resonance absorption. The much higher plasma frequency of Au ensures a better overlap between plasmon resonance and absorption band of organic semiconductors. The light energy is trapped mainly in the P3HT:PCBM layer, leading to enhanced absorption in the active layer. For the ITO/Au film/PEDOT:PSS/Au film/P3HT:PCBM and ITO/PEDOT:PSS/Au film/PEDOT:PSS/Au film/P3HT:PCBM structures, the plasmon resonance is located at a wavelength range of 350 to 1,000 nm. The plasmonic peak better overlaps the P3HT:PCBM absorption band. These enhancements concerning light absorption in the visible region can be explained by the surface plasmon polariton resonance of metallic nanoparticles in the gold nanofilm. When metallic nanoparticles are in close proximity, their plasmon resonances couple with each other and generate a light-scattering spectrum that depends strongly on the interparticle distance. The two-dimensional distinctive ultrathin continuous gold nanofilms can be used as subwavelength antennas in which the plasmonic near-field is coupled to the organic semiconductor, increasing its effective absorption cross section.

On the other hand, the ingestion of two or three servings of energy drink (equivalent to ~2-3 mg of caffeine per kg) improved [24, 34] or tended to improve [25] physical performance. These outcomes combined with the results of the present investigation suggest that the physical benefits attributed to caffeine-containing energy drinks

are present with at least 3 servings, equivalent to ~3 mg/kg of caffeine. The effects of MK1775 caffeine ingestion on muscle strength have been previously investigated during the realization of either isometric maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) or isotonic 1 RM tests [12]. Overall, the ingestion of ~6 mg/kg of caffeine raised maximal force production during both assessments, while lower caffeine doses have not been extensively studied (see review [28]). Regarding muscle power production and caffeine

Saracatinib supplier ingestion, most studies have used a 4–30 s maximal cycling test. In these studies, the results are confusing since ~6 mg/kg of caffeine increased [6, 35–37] or did not changed [38–43] maximal cycling power with similar 3-to-7 mg/kg caffeine doses. The experimental design used for the present investigation contains some novelties in comparison to previous studies about caffeine and muscle performance. First, we have selected a power-load test to assess muscle performance after caffeine ingestion instead of single-resistance trials (i.e., MVC, 1RM, Wingate test, etc). This test includes maximal concentric contractions over a wide range of resistances and thus, it allows a better identification of maximal power and strength production. Similar power-load tests have been successfully used to assess the effect of training [44] and age [45] on muscle performance. Second, we have used two doses of caffeine to assess the dose–response benefits of this substance on muscle performance. These

doses (1 and 3 mg/kg) were chosen Liothyronine Sodium based on previous publications on endurance performance tests in which the ingestion of 3 to 9 mg/kg of caffeine produced comparable benefits, while 1 mg/kg was found to be non ergogenic [7, 14]. Third, we have measured the effects of caffeine ingestion on upper-body and lower-body exercises. It has been suggested that lower-body muscles are more sensitive to caffeine ingestion due to their lower activation level [28]. With this experimental design, we can conclude that caffeine increases both maximal muscle strength and muscle power even with a dose of 3 mg/kg. In addition, the effects of caffeine on lower-body and upper-body muscles were alike. Originally, the ergogenic effects of caffeine on physical performance were attributed to an enhancement of muscle fat oxidation and thus to a better glycogen sparing capacity derived from the intake of this substance [46].

These genes include several heat Y-27632 shock-type chaperones

and proteases (Swit_0619, Swit_1146, Swit_1147) (Table 1). Table 1 Select genes whose expression levels responded to short-term (30 min) perturbation with sodium chloride or PEG8000 (FDR < 0.05, fold-difference > 2). Gene ID Gene Product Sodium chloride expression fold-change PEG8000 expression fold-change Regulation type Swit_0619 heat shock protein Hsp20 3.2 6.2 up Swit_1146 ATP-dependent protease La 3.8 4.8 up Swit_1147 molecular chaperone (small heat shock protein)-like protein 5.0 3.0 up Swit_3608 HAD family hydrolase 3.4 2.2 up Swit_3609 glycoside hydrolase 15-related 8.3 3.9 up Swit_3610 alpha, alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase (UDP-forming) 4.0 2.5 up Swit_4023 rod shape-determining protein MreB 2.3 4.1 up Swit_4523 glycosyl transferase family protein 4.1 3.8 up Swit_4524 hypothetical protein 3.3 2.7 up Swit_4526 glycosyl transferase family protein 2.3 2.8 up Swit_4527 polysaccharide biosynthesis protein 3.8 3.9 up Swit_4528 non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase 3.5 3.9 up Swit_4529 hypothetical protein 2.5 2.4 up Swit_4530 O-antigen polymerase 3.4 2.9 up Swit_4531 polysaccharide export protein 4.6 3.1 up Swit_4532 sugar

transferase 16 12 up Swit_4533 glycoside hydrolase family protein 4.3 3.2 up Swit_0212 flagellin-specific chaperone FliS-like protein 2.3 2.8 down Swit_1264 flagellar basal body P-ring protein 2.2 2.3 down Swit_1267 flagellar basal-body rod protein FlgF 2.2 2.2 down Swit_1268 flagellar basal body FlaE domain-containing GSK2126458 cell line protein 2.4 2.3

down Swit_1270 flagellar basal-body rod protein FlgC 2.5 2.7 down Swit_1286 flagellar hook-basal body complex subunit FliE 2.3 2.5 down Swit_1293 flagellar basal body-associated protein FliL 2.3 2.7 down Figure 3 COG analysis of genes whose expression levels responded to a short-term perturbation with sodium chloride or PEG8000. The proportion stiripentol of genes in select cluster of orthologous group (COG) categories were calculated for those whose expression levels were differentially expressed after short-term (30 min) perturbation with sodium chloride (panel A) or PEG8000 (panel B). Proportions were calculated for genes that had increased expression (black bars) or reduced expression (white bars) and were compared to the proportions for all genes within the complete genome (grey bars). An additional 29 genes had reduced expression after short-term perturbation with sodium chloride or PEG8000 (Figure 2 and Additional file 1). These genes are over-represented in genes involved with cell motility when compared to the complete genome (Figure 3) and include seven genes involved with flagella biosynthesis (Swit_0212, Swit_1264, Swit_1267, Swit_1268, Swit_1270, Swit_1286, Swit_1293) (Table 1).

These reports created our interest in NADase as a target molecule to reduce the GAS virulence. However, before studying the ability of a NADase-inhibitor to reduce GAS virulence, we felt NADase itself should be further characterized in its virulence selleck chemical causing role based on the following two reasons. (i) In M type-3 clinical isolate used in the previous study, the difference between mortality of mice infected with the nga strain and the parental

strain was about only 25% [13]. Meanwhile, we recently reported that M-1 group A streptococcal isolates are divided into three groups based on NADase activity: high activity, low activity and no activity [15]. If a high-activity isolate is used to measure mortality of mice infected with GAS compared with the nga strain, the difference could be wider than if a low activity isolate were used. Indeed,

in this study, we found that the difference between mortalities of mice infected with GT01 (12/15 = 80% death), a high-activity isolate, and the GT01Δnga (0/8 = 0% death) was 80% (see Table 2). In addition, the difference in mice mortality between the cases of GT01 (pLZ12-Km2, vector plasmid) and GT01Δnga (pLZ12-Km2) was 73% (see Table 3). This result shows that the GT01 isolate could provide an advantage compared with the M type-3 clinical isolate when studying the ability of a NADase-inhibitor to reduce GAS virulence, which is our original interest. (ii) To our knowledge, the reduced virulence of the nga-deletion selleck kinase inhibitor mutant of GAS has never been successfully complemented using a cloned nga gene. It is common knowledge that complementation tests in vivo are not easily accomplished due to increased technical Urocanase problems when compared to an in vitro study. In such cases, some alternative methods can be used. For example, Bricker et al. [13] constructed

two independent nga-deficient mutants and showed that they have similar phenotypes. In this study, we added two more points of supportive data. We showed that an nga knockout GAS strain possessing a cloned nga gene partially restored virulence (Figure 2 and Table 3). In addition, we showed that a solution containing purified IFS suppressed the virulence of GAS in the experimental mouse-infection model (see later for additional discussion). Although the data of Table 2 support our conclusion described earlier, some of the individual data were inconsistent with each other. For example, some of the strains belonging to low- and high-activity groups showed similar survival curves. However, this is not surprising because multiple factors play a role in GAS virulence, and the productions of virulent factors differ among the strains [25]. Therefore, it is important to compare groups including multiple, but not single, strains.

All newly synthesized cDNA were collected together for the subsequently qPCR reactions. Quantitative real time PCR (q-PCR) of RNA helicase mRNA Quantitative PCR was performed using the QuantiTect SYBR Green PCR kit (Qiagen). We used 1 μl of cDNA in a final volume of 25 μl; a triplicate for each gene was performed. The primers used for this determination (0.6 μM each) were designed based on the Selleckchem Smoothened Agonist N- or C-terminal extensions because they are highly variable in size and composition,

and have no significant homology between them, making every pair of primers specific for each helicase as shown in Figures 2, 3 and 4 (red bars). Thermal conditions were as follow: initial incubation for 15 min at 95°C, 15 sec at 95°C, 30 sec at 50°C and 30 sec at 72°C for 35 cycles, with the plate read after each cycle, and a final incubation for 10 min at 72°C. The Melting Curve was performed from 50°C to 90°C, with a plate read at every 1°C. We used the Chromo4 system for Real-time PCR detection (BioRad) and the data collected was analyzed using the REST 2009 (Relative BGB324 nmr Expression Software Tool V2.0.13 – Qiagen) [89]. RNA was standardized by quantification of glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) as a reference

gene. Protein isolation and Western blot analysis Total protein extraction was performed from the same Trizol extraction procedure, as indicated by the manufacturer. Total protein content was determined with the BCA™ Protein Assay kit (Pierce). Fifty micrograms of total protein was loaded onto a 10% polyacrylamide gel (SDS-PAGE) and after running, it was transferred PI-1840 to a PVDF membrane (Immobilon–P, Millipore). The membrane was blocked

with 5% milk in TBS-Tween20 for 1 hour and then incubated with a monoclonal antibody (mAbs 7D6) specific against G. lamblia CWP2 [1:2000]. After three washes with TBS-Tween20, the membrane was incubated with goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin serum conjugated with alkaline phosphatase [1:2000] (Southern Biotechnology) and revealed with alkaline phosphatase substrate (BCIP/NBT, Color Development Solution, BioRad). Accession numbers See Additional file 14: Table S4 for a complete list of proteins cited in the manuscript, organism it is derived and NCBI reference sequence number. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Agencia Nacional para la Promoción de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (ANPCYT), the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and the Universidad Católica de Córdoba (UCC). The funding bodies had no role in data analysis, writing or decision for submission. Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Table S1: Putative SF2 Helicases from Giardia lamblia. The table indicates the Family, the gene number from the Assemblage A isolate WB (the number that is given should be preceded by the prefix GL50803_), the current Supercontig or positions where it is located, the number of nucleotides in base pairs (bp) and molecular mass of the putative protein in kDa, for each putative helicase.