Consideration of diastolic function should be included in the management of patients with atherosclerotic renovascular disease. (J Vase Surg 2011;54:1720-6.)”
“Schwann cells (SCs) express distinct sensory and motor phenotypes, which are associated with modality-specific promotion of axon growth. Here we compared cell proliferation and migration of primary cultured sensory and motor SCs and determined the mRNA Bromosporine mw expression of several genes, nap1l1, dok4, lpp, mmp-9 and l1cam, in two phenotypes of SCs. The results showed that the rate of cell proliferation or migration was higher in sensory SCs than in motor SCs, and the five proliferation or migration-related

genes also had higher expression in sensory SCs than in motor SCs. These findings may provide a basis for deeply studying

the biological differences between sensory and motor SCs. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Chronic pain is a classic example of gene x environment interaction: inflammatory and/or nerve injuries are known or suspected to be the etiology of most chronic pain syndromes, but only a small minority of those subjected to such injuries actually develop chronic pain. Once chronic pain has developed, pain severity and analgesic response are RepSox research buy also highly variable among individuals. Although animal genetics studies have been ongoing for over two decades, only PF477736 molecular weight recently have comprehensive human twin studies and large-scale association studies been performed. Here, I review recent and accelerating progress in, and continuing challenges to, the identification of genes contributing to such variability. Success in this endeavor will hopefully lead to both better management of pain using currently available therapies and the development and/or prioritizing of new ones.”
“A wealth of studies has demonstrated that patients with schizophrenia are impaired in “”theory of mind”" (ToM). Here,

we used a novel five-factor model of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale(PANSS) to test the hypothesis that selectivity of ToM deficits in schizophrenia depends on the predominating symptoms. We predicted that ToM impairments would be non-selective in patients with pronounced negative (NF) or disorganized symptoms (DF), whereas selective ToM impairment would Occur in patients with predominant positive symptoms (PF). We recruited 50 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and examined premorbid intelligence, executive functioning, ToM and psychopathology in comparison to a group of 29 healthy controls. Compared with healthy controls, patients performed more poorly on tasks involving executive functioning and ToM abilities. Using a novel PANSS five-factor model, we found a significant association of ToM deficits with the “”disorganization”" factor.

This apparently paradoxical action of EFAs, especially of GLA, suggests that, in all probability, fatty acids induce apoptosis of cells that harbor significant

FGFR inhibitor DNA damage. Based on these results we suggest that GLA functions as a unique endogenous molecule that protects cells from accumulating genetic damage. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The dorsovagal complex comprises: (1) a chemosensory structure, the area postrema (AP), (2) a center for integrating distension, mechanosensory and other inputs from the viscera, the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS), and (3) a center to integrate motor and secretory drive to the viscera, the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMX). There is recent evidence for considerable autonomy of dorsovagal reflexes traversing this loop in ingestive control, especially in meal-termination/anorexic responses, and in other controls on nutrient flux.

The characteristics of this system, including (1) activation of several parallel effector pathways, and (2) glucose-sensitivity (hypoglycemic override) have profound therapeutic implications for anti-diabetic and anti-obesity drug development. Agents acting via the brain RAD001 clinical trial structures similar to those activated by amylin promise

efficacy via multiple effectors, but, via glucose-dependence of effects, without increased risk of hypoglycemia.

Several peptides, including those secreted in response to meals, are sensed at area postrema, and because they degrade to innocuous metabolites (amino acids) are thereby candidates as safe and effective drugs. Recently developed GLP-1 agonists and amylin agonists are examples of the therapeutic potential of such agents for metabolic diseases. Others in development include PYY agonists and MC4 agonists.

Especially promising may be combinations of peptides and/or their analogs. Certain pairs of peptides, including those acting via the dorsovagal complex, exhibit MLN2238 supplier surprising synergies

(eg amylin + CCK (Bhavsar et al., 1998), amylin + leptin (Roth et al., 2008), CCK + glucagon + bombesin (Hinton et al., 1986), PYY and GLP-1 (Paulik et al., 2011)). Peptide combinations may thus attain transformational efficacy without invoking burdensome toxic risk.

This article is part of a Special Issue entitled ‘Central Control of Food Intake’. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC), a rod-shaped nanoscale material with exceptional strength and physicochemical properties, can be prepared from inexpensive renewable biomass. Besides its potential use as a reinforcing agent for industrial biocomposites, pristine NCC exhibits low toxicity and poses no serious environmental concerns, providing impetus for its use in bioapplications.

(C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The

prevalence of naturally occurring hepatitis C virus (HCV) variants that are less sensitive to direct-acting antiviral (DAA) inhibitors has not been fully characterized. We used population sequence analysis to assess the frequency of such variants in plasma samples from 3,447 DAA-naive patients with genotype 1 HCV. In general, HCV variants Selleckchem PLX4032 with lower-level resistance (3- to 25-fold increased 50% inhibitor concentration [IC50]) to telaprevir were observed as the dominant species in 0 to 3% of patients, depending on the specific variant, whereas higher-level resistant variants (>25-fold-increased IC50) were not observed. Specific variants resistant to NS5A inhibitors were predominant in up to 6% of patients. Most variants resistant to nucleo(s/t)ide

active-site NS5B polymerase inhibitors were not observed, whereas variants resistant to non-nucleoside allosteric inhibitors were observed in up to 18% of patients. The presence of DAA-resistant variants in NS5A, NS5B, or NS3 (including telaprevir-resistant variants), in baseline samples of treatment-naive patients receiving a telaprevir-based regimen in phase 3 studies did not affect the sustained viral response (SVR). Treatment-naive patients with viral populations containing the telaprevir-resistant variants NS3 V36M, T54S, or R155K at baseline achieved a 74% SVR rate, whereas patients with no resistant variants selleck inhibitor detected prior to treatment achieved a 76% SVR rate. The effect of specific resistant variant frequency on response to various DAA treatments see more in different patient populations, including interferon nonresponders, should be further studied.”
“Numerous studies studies have implicated a connection between schizophrenia and autoimmune disorders. However, the precise relationship and underlying mechanism are still obscure. To further identify the association between autoimmune disorders and schizophrenia, the mRNA expressions of various cytokines and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in monocytes are examined by using RT-PCR. Additionally, ELISA and zymography were performed

to determine the anti-cardiolipin antibody (aCL) and MMP9 activity in serum form schizophrenic patients. Notably, significantly increased interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 mRNA were observed in schizophrenic patients, whereas significant reductions of TLR-3 and TLR-5 mRNA were detected. Moreover, significantly increased levels of aCL antibody and a higher frequency of positive-MMP9 activity were detected in serum from patients with schizophrenia. Meanwhile, no significant association was found between each of the medications and aCL activity. These findings demonstrated autoimmune-related phenomena in schizophrenic patients and further suggested a connection between schizophrenia and autoimmune disorders. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

The protein phosphoisotypes were dearly separated as up-shifted migration bands in a 3% w/v polyacrylamide gel containing 20 mu M Phos-tag and 0.5% w/v agarose. In subsequent immunoblotting, the procedure permitted the determination of the phosphoisotypes of high-molecular-mass proteins, such as mTOR (289 kDa), ATM kinase (350 kDa), and 53BP1 (213 kDa).”
“Objective: Robotically assisted totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting (TECAB) is a viable option for closed chest coronary surgery, but it requires learning curves and longer operative times. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/nu7026.html This study

evaluated the effect of extended operation times on the outcome of patients undergoing TECAB.

Methods: From 2001 to 2009, 325 patients underwent TECAB with the da Vinci telemanipulation system. Correlations between operative times and preoperative, intraoperative, and early postoperative parameters were investigated. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to define the threshold of the procedure duration above which intensive care unit stay and ventilation time were prolonged. Demographic data, intraoperative https://www.selleckchem.com/products/lee011.html and postoperative parameters, and survival data were compared.

Results: Patients with prolonged operative times more often underwent multivessel revascularization

(P < .001) and beating-heart TECAB (P = .023). Other preoperative parameters were not associated with longer operative times. Incidences of technical difficulties and conversions (P < .001) were higher among patients with longer operative times. Prolonged intensive care unit stay, mechanical ventilation, hospital stay, and with requirement of blood products were associated with longer operative times. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed

operative times >445 minutes and >478 minutes to predict prolonged (>48 hours) intensive care unit stay and mechanical ventilation, respectively. Patients with procedures >478 minutes VX-809 price had longer hospital stays and higher perioperative morbidity and mortality. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed decreased survival among patients with operative times >478 minutes.

Conclusions: Multivessel revascularization and conversions lead to prolonged operative times in totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting. Longer operative times significantly influence early postoperative and midterm outcomes. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012;143:639-47)”
“BACKGROUND: The modified Rankin Scale (mRS) is a 6-level outcome scale used to assess level of function in neurological disease.

OBJECTIVE: We examined the interobserver reliability and intraobserver reliability of the mRS-9Q, a 9-question “”yes/no”" survey that measures the mRS score in neurosurgical and neurological patients.

METHODS: The mRS-9Q was administered in person or by telephone, and a Web-based tool was used to calculate the mRS score and to perform error checking.

The data suggest that several of the Lister mutants combining multiple deletions could be used in smallpox vaccination or as live virus vectors at doses equivalent to those used for the traditional vaccine while displaying increased safety.”
“This study was conducted to investigate the effects of clonidine on bilateral pain behaviors and inflammatory responses in neuropathic pain induced by partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL), and to better understand whether the antinociception of clonidine was related to alpha(2)-adrenoceptor mechanisms. Rats were divided randomly

into five groups: sham-operation with saline, i.p.; PSNL with clonidine (0.2 mg/kg) or saline, i.p.; PSNL with yohimbine (2 mg/kg) followed by clonidine (0.2 mg/kg), i.p.; and PSNL with naloxone (0.3 mg/kg) followed by Erastin cost clonidine (0.2 mg/kg), i.p. On post-operative days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21, both ipsilateral and contralateral pain behaviors were measured. In rats receiving antagonists, bilateral behavioral changes were measured on day 14. Bilateral paw pressure threshold and paw withdrawal latencies were measured, and the extent of glial activation was dertermined by measuring macrophage antigen complex-1 (Mac-1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Additionally, the levels of tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-alpha) and interleukin (IL)-6 were determined. Nepicastat PSNL induced

bilateral behavioral hyperalgesia, with the ipsilateral level displaying a higher extent of behavior changes than the contralateral side. In addition, the glial activation markers and cytokine production were augmented bilaterally. Clonidine caused significant attenuation

of bilateral mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, accompanied by inhibition of glial Selleck Bromosporine activation and the expression of cytokines. The effects of clonidine were blocked by the alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine and partially reversed by the mu-opioid receptor antagonist naloxone. These data suggest that the bilateral antinoceptive effects of clonidine might mediate through immunomodulation by acting on alpha(2)-adrenoceptor in rats undergoing neuropathic pain. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Several studies have indicated that three PITX3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs2281983, rs4919621 and rs3758549, are likely to be associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD) in Caucasians. Some studies also suggested an age-of-onset effect. We recently reported that allele and genotype frequencies did not differ between late-onset PD (LOPD) patients and controls for all three SNPs. To extend the analysis to early-onset PD (EOPD) patients, and to test whether an age-of-onset effect exists in Chinese, we genotyped these SNPs in 290 Chinese EOPD patients using a ligase detection reaction (LDR).

Posttraining administration of ROL also recovered NOR deficits associated with aging in rats. These findings

provide the first evidence that stimulation of an intracellular second messenger signaling pathway can attenuate iron-induced memory impairment, and support the view that PDE4 inhibitors might ameliorate cognitive dysfunction associated with aging and neurodegenerative find more disorders. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vif recruits a Cullin 5 ubiquitin ligase that targets APOBEC3 proteins for degradation. Recently, Vif has also been shown to induce cell cycle disturbance in G(2). We show that in contrast to the expression of Vpr, the expression of Vif does not preclude cell division, and therefore, Vif causes delay and not arrest in G2. We also demonstrate that the interaction of Vif with the ubiquitin ligase is required for cell cycle disruption, as was previously shown

for HIV-1 Vpr. The presence of APOBEC3 D/E, F, and G had no influence on Vif-induced alteration of the cell cycle. We conclude that cell cycle delay by Vif is a result of ubiquitination and degradation of a cellular protein that is different from the known APOBEC3 family members.”
“Interneuronal networks in the spinal ventral Selleck Tozasertib horn are

plausible substrates for mediating anesthetic-induced immobility. Here, we investigated selleck chemical how their activity is affected by clinically relevant concentrations of thiopental, a barbiturate in clinical use. In cultured spinal cord slices from mice, thiopental reduced action potential activity with an EC50 of 16.6 +/- 2.4 mu M. Recordings of GABA(A) and glycine receptor-mediated inhibitory currents indicated that the effect was largely mediated by GABAA receptors and that glycine receptors were not relevant targets. Specifically, 20 mu M thiopental prolonged the decay time of spontaneous GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) more than twofold. Although this prolongation of decay time increased the inhibitory charge per slPSC the concomitant strong reduction of sIPSC frequency resulted in less inhibitory current entering the neurons via this route. However, 20 mu M thiopental also induced a tonic current of 30 +/- 10 pA, mediated by GABAA receptors; 50 mu M thiopental nearly abolished sIPSC activity but augmented tonic currents to 69 +/- 14 pA. Furthermore, at this concentration, activity-depressing mechanisms independent of GABAA receptors came into play. The results suggest that in the spinal ventral horn thiopental acts mostly, but not exclusively, via GABAA receptors.

We previously showed that Na cooperates with the R protein to induce lytic gene expression in latently infected EBV-positive 293 cells, and in some EBV-negative cell lines it can activate the Z promoter in reporter gene assays. Here we show that overexpression of Na alone is sufficient to induce lytic gene NVP-BSK805 cost expression in several different latently infected epithelial cell lines (Hone-Akata,

CNE2-Akata, and AGS-Akata), while knockdown of endogenous Na expression reduces lytic gene expression. Consistent with its ability to interact with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) in a yeast two-hybrid assay, we demonstrate that Na interacts with TRAF2 in cells. Furthermore, we show that TRAF2 is required for Na induction of lytic gene expression, that Na induces Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) activation Selleck MK-4827 in a TRAF2-dependent manner, and that a JNK inhibitor abolishes the ability of Na to disrupt viral latency. Additionally, we show that Na and the tumor suppressor protein p53 cooperate to induce lytic gene expression in epithelial cells (including the C666-1 nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line), although Na does not appear to affect p53 function. Together these data suggest that Na plays an important role in regulating the switch

between latent and lytic infection in epithelial cells and that this effect requires both the TRAF2 and p53 cellular proteins.”
“Introduction: Ultrasound (US) contrast agents based on micrbbubbles (MBs) are being investigated as platforms for drug and gene delivery. A methodology for determining the distribution and fate of modified MBs quantitatively in vivo can be achieved by tagging MBs directly with Tc-99m. This creates

the opportunity to employ dual-modality imaging using both US and small animal SPECT along with quantitative ex vivo tissue selleck kinase inhibitor counting to evaluate novel MB constructs.

Methods: A Tc-99m-labeled biotin derivative ((99m)TcL1) was prepared and incubated with streptavidin-coated MBs. The Tc-99m-labeled bubbles were isolated using a streptavidin-coated magnetic-bead purification strategy that did not disrupt the MBs. A small animal scintigraphic/CT imaging study as well as a quantitative biodistribution study was completed using (99m)TcL1 and Tc-99m-labeled bubbles in healthy C57B1-6 mice.

Results: The imaging and biodistribution data showed rapid accumulation and retention of Tc-99m-MBs in the liver (68.2 +/- 6.6 %ID/g at 4 min; 93.3 +/- 3.2 %ID/g at 60 min) and spleen (214.2 +/- 19.7 %ID/g at 4 min; 213.4 +/- 19.7 %1D/g at 60 min). In contrast, (99m)TcL1 accumulated in multiple organs including the small intestine (22.5 +/- 3.6 %ID/g at 4 min; 83.4 +/- 5.9 %ID/g at 60 min) and bladder (184.0 +/- 88.1 %ID/g at 4 min; 24.2 +/- 17.7 %ID/g at 60 min).

Affinity purification of cerebellar proteins on F-actin columns, combined with mass spectrometry,

in total, 434 actin filament-associated proteins in postnatal rat cerebellum (P7) were identified. Furthermore, semi-quantitative RT-PCR was performed to screening postnatal developmentally MDV3100 clinical trial regulated genes involved in actin dynamics and membrane trafficking in rat cerebellum (P0-P56). As the result, nine genes encoding members of the cerebellar F-actin interactome were developmentally regulated in the transcriptional level and at least five of them exhibited a similar pattern at the protein expression level by Western blot analysis. Further fluorescent immunohistochemical observations demonstrated Sapitinib mw that the actin-associated proteins Lethal(2) giant larvae protein homolog 1 (LLGL1) and metastasis suppressor 1 (MTSS1) were specifically upregulated in granule neurons and Purkinje cells during morphogenesis of axons and dendrites. This work defines a provisional actin filament interactome in rat postnatal cerebellum and identifies several candidate proteins that may be involved in the postnatal development of the cerebellum. (C) 2012 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Constitutive tyrosine kinase activation

by reciprocal chromosomal translocation is a common pathogenetic mechanism in chronic myeloproliferative disorders. Since centrosomal proteins have been recurrently identified as translocation partners of tyrosine kinases FGFR1, JAK2, PDGFR alpha and PDGFR beta in these diseases, a role for the centrosome in oncogenic ARS-1620 molecular weight transformation has been hypothesized. In this study, we addressed the functional role of centrosomally targeted tyrosine kinase activity. First, centrosomal localization was not routinely found for all chimeric fusion proteins tested. Second, targeting of tyrosine kinases to the centrosome by creating artificial chimeric fusion kinases

with the centrosomal targeting domain of AKAP450 failed to enhance the oncogenic transforming potential in both Ba/F3 and U2OS cells, although phospho-tyrosine-mediated signal transduction pathways were initiated at the centrosome. We conclude that the centrosomal localization of constitutively activated tyrosine kinases does not contribute to disease pathogenesis in chronic myeloproliferative disorders. Leukemia (2012) 26, 728-735; doi:10.1038/leu.2011.283; published online 21 October 2011″
“Adult neurogenesis occurs in the subgranular zone (SGZ) and subventricular zone (SVZ). New SGZ neurons migrate into the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus (DG). New SVZ neurons seem to enter the association neocortex and entorhinal cortex besides the olfactory bulb.

Anxiety-like behavior was assessed via elevated plus maze (EPM) activity on PND 98 and in a black/white apparatus on PND 125. The typical sex differences in most behaviors were exhibited (i.e., increased EPM open arm entries and overall activity in most measures in females); however, there were no significant effects of ACC treatment on open field activity, complex environment activity, residential running

wheel activity, or EPM activity. Residential figure 8 maze activity indicated that male and female rats treated with 30 mg/kg/day were less active on all nights (p<0.05) and females treated with 7.5 or 30 mg/kg/day were less active than same-sex controls on most days CFTRinh-172 cell line (p<0.05). Similarly, rats of both sexes treated with Barasertib cost 30 mg/kg/day were significantly less active in the black/white apparatus (p<0.05), entering the darkened area less frequently (p<0.05), although duration in the darkened area did not differ. These data indicate that at blood levels typically achieved by humans (i.e., the 7.5 mg/kg group), there are no significant anxiogenic effects associated with ACC treatment. At higher ACC levels, there

are mild effects on activity but these appear to be apparatus- and/or age-specific. Published by Elsevier Inc.”
“Dasatinib is a potent dual Abl/Src inhibitor approved for treatment of Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph-positive) leukemias. At a once-daily dose and a relatively short half-life of 3-5 h, tyrosine kinase inhibition is not sustained. However, transient inhibition of K562 leukemia cells with a high-dose pulse of dasatinib or long-term treatment with a lower dose was CH5183284 concentration reported to irreversibly induce

apoptosis. Here, the effect of dasatinib on treatment of Bcr/Abl-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells was evaluated in the presence of stromal support. Dasatinib eradicated Bcr/Abl ALL cells, caused significant apoptosis and eliminated tyrosine phosphorylation on Bcr/Abl, Src, Crkl and Stat-5. However, treatment of mouse ALL cells with lower doses of dasatinib over an extended period of time allowed the emergence of viable drug-resistant cells. Interestingly, dasatinib treatment increased cell-surface expression of CXCR4, which is important for survival of B-lineage cells, but this did not promote survival. Combined treatment of cells with dasatinib and a CXCR4 inhibitor resulted in enhanced cell death. These results do not support the concept that long-term treatment with low-dose dasatinib monotherapy will be effective in causing irreversible apoptosis in Ph-positive ALL, but suggest that combined treatment with dasatinib and drugs such as AMD3100 may be effective. Leukemia (2010) 24, 813-820; doi: 10.1038/leu.2009.302; published online 28 January 2010″
“Objective.

011). Cerebral oxygen extraction at antegrade cerebral perfusion rates of 30 and 50 mL/kg/min was equal to baseline (P = .53,.48) but greater than baseline (P < .0001) at an antegrade cerebral perfusion rate of 10 mL/kg/min. The distributions of cerebral blood flow and regional oxygen saturation were equal in each brain hemisphere at all antegrade cerebral perfusion rates.

Conclusion: Cerebral blood flow increased with this website antegrade cerebral perfusion rate. At an antegrade cerebral perfusion rate of 50 mL/kg/min, cerebral

blood flow was equal to baseline, but regional oxygen saturation and cerebral oxygen extraction trends suggested more oxygenation than baseline. An antegrade cerebral perfusion rate of 30 mL/kg/min provided only 60% of baseline cerebral blood flow, but cerebral oxygen extraction and regional oxygen saturation were equal to baseline. An antegrade cerebral

perfusion rate that closely matches standard cardiopulmonary bypass conditions is between 30 and 50 mL/kg/min. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010;139:530-5)”
“Objectives: Autograft dilatation is leading to an increase in root reoperations late after the Ross procedure. A 14-year clinical experience was reviewed to define the feasibility and outcome of the autograft valve-sparing root reoperation.

Methods: One hundred twenty-six patients surviving an average of 7.4 +/- 9.9 years after the Ross procedure underwent cross-sectional clinical and echocardiographic examination. Study end points were freedom from autograft dilatation (diameter>4 cm or 2.1 cm/m(2)), root reoperation, root replacement, and functional outcome Selleckchem AZD9291 after the valve-sparing reoperation.

Results: Thirty-one (25%) patients had dilatation, with 45% +/- 9% freedom at 14 years. In 14 (11%) patients an autograft aneurysm (>5.0 cm) was found: 12 had reoperations at 8.9 +/- 2.6 years after

the Ross procedure. Risk factors for root reoperation at multivariate analysis were root technique (P-.01), root dilatation (P-.001), and follow-up duration (P=.06). Two patients had root replacement, and 10 (83%) had remodeling with valve preservation (8 Yacoub procedures and 2 sinotubular junction/ascending aorta procedures); all survived reoperation. Absence of severe selleck screening library autograft insufficiency (P=.04) and convergent-type aneurysm (P=.05) were associated with successful valve preservation. Fourteen-year freedom from root reoperation was 80% +/- 7%, and freedom from full root replacement was 97% +/- 4%. At 3.2 +/- 1.5 years (range, 0.2-4.8 years) after root reoperation, all patients are in New York Heart Association class I and are medication free: 9 of 10 patients have mild autograft valve insufficiency or less, and 1 required valve replacement 51 months after remodeling. One patient carried out 2 uncomplicated pregnancies 3 and 4 years after the Ross-Yacoub procedure.