To further confirm that both EGFR and STAT3 may be involved in the cyclin D1 protein, we detected the cyclin D1 protein level after we knocked down EGFR or STAT3 with siRNA. Data in Figure  6C showed that knockdown of EGFR and STAT3 with siRNA decreased the cyclin D1 protein level in CNE1-LMP1 cells. To further address how EGFR or STAT3 affects the cell cycle, we performed FACS analysis on the CNE1-LMP1 cells after knockdown of EGFR, STAT3 or AZD2281 in vivo both. Data in Figure  6D indicated that the depletion of EGFR, STAT3 or both proteins altered the cell cycle distribution especially at S phase with the stimulation of LMP1. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that both

EGFR and STAT3 are essential for cyclin D1 expression in the presence of LMP1. Figure 6 Cyclin D1 expression is reduced in CNE1-LMP1 cells after treatment with EGFR siRNA and STAT3 siRNA. (A) Dual luciferase-reporter assays were performed in CNE1-LMP1 cells after co-transfection with either control siRNA (siControl), EGFR siRNA (siEGFR), or STAT3 siRNA (siSTAT3) in addition to cyclin D1 promoter-reporter constructs and a Renilla luciferase transfection control plasmid. Adriamycin solubility dmso Firefly luciferase was measured and normalized to Renilla luciferase activity. The fold change in cyclin D1 expression by the indicated siRNA is displayed in each case. The control siRNA served as a non-targeting control. (mean ± SD, n =3, *p < 0.05)

(B) The cells were incubated with medium containing the indicated Abiraterone chemical structure siRNAs for 72 h. Total RNA was isolated from the cells and subjected to real-time PCR, using specific primers designed to amplify cyclin D1. β-actin mRNA served as an internal control. (mean ± SD, n =3, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01). (C) Western Blot was performed in CNE1-LMP1 cells after co-transfection with the indicated siRNAs for 72 h. β-actin was served as an internal control. (D) FACS was performed

in CNE1 and CNE1-LMP1 cells after co-transfection with the indicated siRNAs for 72 h. The data are presented from three NF-��B inhibitor independent experiments. Discussion cyclin D1 over-expression is important in the development and progression of numerous cancers [48]. Regulation of the cyclin D1 protein level is one of the critical aspects in cell proliferation and tumor development [49], indicating that cyclin D1 may be regarded as a therapeutic target in cancer [50]. Cyclin D1 is upregulated expression in NPC [51]. Overexpressed cyclin D1 in NPC increases the risk of tumor formation and local disease recurrence [52]. Although cyclin D1 is known to be a target gene of EGFR and STAT3 [46, 53–56], its transcriptional regulation remains elusive after the infection of virus. Our previous study reported that LMP1 encoded by EBV could regulate the nuclear accumulation of EGFR and that nuclear EGFR could bind to the promoters of cyclin D1 and cyclin E to accelerate the G1/S phase transition.

Protein

extracts were prepared from three different flasks for both growth conditions. CyDye labeling Prior to 2D-PAGE, protein samples were labeled using the fluorescent cyanine three-dye strategy (CyDyes; GE Healthcare, Sweden), according to manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, proteins (50 μg) of an internal standard containing an equal amount of the control and treated samples were incubated with 400 pmol of Cy2, freshly dissolved in dimethyl formamide SBE-��-CD (DMF), while X. a. pv. citri planktonic and X. a. pv. citri forming biofilm samples were labeled with Cy3 and Cy5, respectively. Dye swap between samples was carried out to avoid artifacts due to preferential labeling. Three biological replicates and two technical replicates were carried out, giving rise to a total of six gel images per growth conditions. All reactions were carried out on ice and in the dark to limit signal quenching. Labeling was performed for 30

min and terminated by incubation with 10 nmol lysine for 10 min. Equal volumes of urea lysis buffer containing 20 mg/ml DTT and 2% (v/v) IPG buffer, pH range 4–7 (GE Healthcare) were added to each sample and incubated for 15 min. After pooling the samples, the volume was adjusted to 125 μl with rehydration buffer (7 M urea, 2 M thiourea, 4% (w/v) CHAPS, 2 mg/ml DTT and 1% (v/v) IPG buffer pH 4–7, GE Healthcare) and separated by 2D-DIGE. Protein separation and quantification LY411575 price by 2D-DIGE electrophoresis Labeled protein samples in urea lysis buffer were used to rehydrate 7 cm-long linear IPG strips, pH range 4–7 (GE Healthcare). Following overnight rehydration at room temperature, strips were focused for a total of 8,750 Vhrs 50 μA at 20°C, as follows: step, 500 V for 250 Vhrs;

step, 1,000 V for 500 Vhrs and step, 8,000 V for 8,000 Vhrs. Prior to SDS-PAGE, strips were equilibrated twice for 15 min in equilibration buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 8.8, 30% (v/v) glycerol, 6 M urea, 2% (w/v) SDS) first containing 1% (w/v) DTT and then 2.5% (w/v) iodoacetamide with gentle Selleckchem Epacadostat shaking. Strips were loaded on top of 12% SDS-PAGE. Strips were sealed on top of the gel with 1% (w/v) agarose in SDS running buffer (25 mM Tris, 192 mM glycine, 0.1% (w/v) SDS). Gels were run at 50 V for the first 15 min and then at 100 V Dipeptidyl peptidase until the dye reached the bottom of the gels. Comparative analysis and protein identification Gel images were obtained using the Typhoon TM 9410 scanner (GE Healthcare). Cy2-labeled pool samples were imaged using a 488 nm blue laser and a 520 nm band-pass (BP) 40 emission filter. Cy3 images were obtained using a 532 nm green laser and a 520 nm BP30 emission filter, and the Cy5 images using a 633 nm red laser and a 670 nm BP30 emission filter. Images were analyzed with the Delta2D (Decodon, Greifswald, Germany) software. Spot quantities were calculated by summing pixel intensities within the spot boundaries and used for analyzing gene expression.

Nature 179:583–584CrossRef Krall AR, Good NE, Mayne BC (1961) Cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation in chloroplasts distinguished by use of labeled oxygen. Plant Physiol 36:44–47PubMedCrossRef Lumry R, Mayne B, Spikes JD (1959) Fluorescence yield against velocity relationships in the Hill reaction of chloroplast fragments.

Discussions, Faraday Society 27:149–160 Mar T, Roy G, Govindjee (1974) Effect of chloride and benzoate anions on the delayed light emission in DCMU-treated spinach chloroplasts. Photochem see more Photobiol 20:501–504PubMedCrossRef Mayne BC (1958) The fluorescence of chloroplasts and Chlorella in relation to their photochemical activity (Doctoral thesis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah) Mayne BC (1965) The formation of a quencher of the fluorescence of chromatophores from photosynthetic bacteria. Biochim Biophys Acta 109:59–66PubMedCrossRef Mayne BC (1966) Chemiluminescence of chloroplasts. Brookhaven Symp Biol 19:460–466PubMed Mayne BC (1968) The light requirement of acid–base transition induced luminescence of chloroplasts. Photochem Photobiol 8:107–113CrossRef Mayne BC (1969) The light requirement for the chemiluminescence

of chloroplasts. In: Metzner H (ed) Progress in photosynthesis research, vol II, pp 947–951 Mayne BC (1984) Photosynthesis and the biochemistry of nitrogen fixation. In: Alexander M (ed) Nitrogen fixation and its ecological basis. Plenum Publishing Corporation, pp 225–242 Mayne BC, Brown AH (1963) A comparison of the Emerson two Smad pathway light effect in photosynthesis and the Hill Reaction. In: Ashida Aldehyde dehydrogenase J (ed) Microalgae and photosynthetic bacteria and the Japanese society of plant physiologists. The University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo Mayne BC, Clayton RK (1966) Luminescence

of chlorophyll in spinach chloroplasts induced by an acid-base transition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 56:494–499CrossRef Mayne BC, Clayton RK (1967) The effect of inhibitors and uncouplers of photosynthetic phosphorylation on delayed light emission of chloroplasts. Photochem Photobiol 6:3–8CrossRef Mayne BC, Rubinstein D (1966) Absorption changes in blue-green algae at the temperature of liquid nitrogen. Nature 210:734–735CrossRef Mayne BC, Edwards GE, Black CC (1971a) Spectral, physical, and electron transport activities in the photosynthetic apparatus of mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells of Digitaria sanguinalis (L). Scop. Plant Physiol 47:600–605PubMedCrossRef Mayne BC, Edwards GE, Black CC (1971b) Light reactions in C4 photosynthesis. In: Hatch MD, Osmond CB, Slatyer RO (eds) Photosynthesis and photorespiration. Wiley, New York, pp 361–371 Mayne BC, Dee AM, Edwards GE (1974) Photosynthesis in mesophyll protoplasts and bundle sheath cells of Chk inhibitor various type of C4 plants. III. Fluorescence emission spectra, delayed light emission, and P700 content. Z Pflanzenphysiol 74:275–291 Mitchell P (1961) Coupling of phosphorylation to electron and hydrogen transfer by a chemi-osmotic type of mechanism.

J Power Sources 2009, 188:338–342.CrossRef 17. Zheng MB, Cao J, Liao ST, Liu JS, Chen HQ, Zhao Y, Dai WJ, Ji GB, Cao JM, Tao J: Preparation of mesoporous Co 3 O 4 nanoparticles via solid–liquid route and effects of calcination temperature and textural parameters on their electrochemical capacitive behaviors. J Phys Chem C 2009, 113:3887–3894.CrossRef 18. Lee HY, Goodenough JB: Ideal supercapacitor behavior of amorphous V 2 O 5 ·nH 2 O in potassium chloride (KCl) aqueous solution. J Solid

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and application in supercapacitors. CrystEngComm 2011, 13:626–632.CrossRef 27. Wang DW, Li F, Cheng HM: Hierarchical porous nickel oxide and Selleckchem Caspase inhibitor carbon as electrode materials for asymmetric supercapacitor. J Power Sources 2008, 185:1563–1568.CrossRef 28. Hou Y, Cheng YW, Hobson T, Liu J: Design and synthesis C1GALT1 of hierarchical MnO 2 nanospheres/carbon nanotubes/conducting polymer ternary composite for high performance electrochemical electrodes. Nano Lett 2010, 10:2727–2733.CrossRef 29. Jiang H, Zhao T, Ma J, Yan CY, Li CZ: Ultrafine manganese dioxide nanowire network for high-performance supercapacitors. Chem Commun 2011, 47:1264–1266.CrossRef 30. Reddy ALM, Shaijumon MM, Gowda SR, Ajayan PM: Coaxial MnO 2 /carbon nanotube array electrodes for high-performance lithium batteries. Nano Lett 2009, 9:1002–1006.CrossRef 31. Guo YG, Hu JS, Wan LJ: Nanostructured materials for electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices. Adv Mater 2008, 20:2878–2887.CrossRef 32. Dar FI, Habouti S, Minch R, Dietze M, Es-Souni M: Morphology control of 1D noble metal nano/heterostructures towards multi-functionality. J Mater Chem 2012, 22:8671–8679.CrossRef 33.

A complete blood count check revealed a decrease in hemoglobin (7 mg/dl), and therefore it was decided to perform surgery in midline laparotomy [6, 7]. After laparotomy, a significant amount of blood was evacuated to identify the site of bleeding. Liver inspection showed an 8 cm long, 1 cm deep laceration with active bleeding in segments Cell Cycle inhibitor IV-V (Grade II lesion classification AAST). A careful inspection of the abdominal cavity also showed a 12 cm length right diaphragmatic lesion with signs of active bleeding that accounted for the presence of free air seen in the CT images.

No other intestinal lesions were found. Temporary packing was used to treat the liver bleeding. After evacuating the right hemothorax, we proceeded with repair of the diaphragmatic lesion with non-absorbable sutures,

and by placing a thoracic Bouleau drainage. The suture was completed applying a medicated sponge containing thrombin and human find more fibrinogen in order to control learn more hemostasis and facilitate the building of the tissues and healing process [8]. After stopping the bleeding from the liver and bile leakage it was decided to adopt a conservative approach applying hemostatic matrix on liver injury (Figure 2). Surgery was concluded with the placement of abdominal drains, in the right subphrenic space. One transfusion was carried out during surgery. In post-operative time, blood pressure was 120/80 mmHg, hemoglobin 9 mg/dl. Chest tube was removed 4 days post surgery, after an x-ray which confirmed resolution of hemopneumothorax. Figure 1 Computed tomography results of the patient. a) presence of a right hemothorax without pulmonary lesions; b) discrete hemoperitoneum by an active bleeding parenchymal liver laceration and “free air” in the abdomen. Figure 2 Characteristics

of the stab wound and intra-operative findings. a) bleeding stab wound in the right upper quadrant; N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase b) liver laceration and right diaphragmatic injury; c) application of hemostatic matrix (Floseal®) on liver lesion; d) repair of diaphragmatic lesion with non-absorbables sutures and positioning of medicated sponge containing thrombin and human fibrinogen (Tachosil®). Discussion The diaphragm is the principle muscle of respiration. With the contraction of striated muscle fibers it carries more than 70% of the work creating a negative intrathoracic pressure which is necessary for the proper performance of respiratory mechanics, as well as encouraging proper venous return to the heart. The integrity of the diaphragm separates the chest cavity from abdominal positive pressure, which ensures proper maintenance of the different pressure regimes of the two chambers, and prevents the migration of the abdominal organs into the chest.

The authors would like to thank Enago (http://​www.​enago.​jp) for the English language

review. References 1. Anderson AJ, Dawes EA: Occurrence, metabolism, metabolic role, and industrial uses of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates. Microbiol Rev 1990, 54:450–472.PubMedCentralPubMed Idasanutlin molecular weight 2. Hamieh A, Olama Z, Holail H: Microbial production of polyhydroxybutyrate, a biodegradable plastic using agro-industrial waste products. Glo Adv Res J Microbiol 2013, 2:54–64. 3. Zevenhuizen LP: Cellular glycogen, beta-1,2-glucan, poly beta-hydroxybutyic acid and extracellular polysaccharides in fast-growing species of Rhizobium. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1981, 47:481–497.PubMedCrossRef 4. Bergersen FJ, Turner GL: Bacteroids from soybean root nodules: respiration and N 2 fixation in flow-chamber reactions with oxyleghaemoglobin.

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S, Leija A, Mora Y, Mora J: Genetic and physiological characterization of a Rhizobium etli mutant strain unable to synthesize poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate. J Bacteriol 1996, 178:1646–1654.PubMedCentralPubMed 11. Peralta H, Mora Y, Salazar E, Encarnacion S, Palacios R, Mora J: Engineering the nifH promoter region and abolishing poly-β-hydroxybutyrate accumulation in Rhizobium etli enhance nitrogen fixation in symbiosis with Phaseolus vulgaris . Appl Environ Microbiol 2004, 70:3272–3281.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 12. Cermola M, Federova E, Tate R, Riccio A, Favre R, Patriarca EJ: Nodule invasion and symbiosome differentiation during Rhizobium etli – Phaseolus vulgaris symbiosis. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2000, 13:733–741.PubMedCrossRef 13. Hahn M, Studer D: Competitiveness of a nif– Bradyrhizobium japonicum mutant against the wild-type strain. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1986, 33:143–148. 14.

Recently, several labs have been interested in developing methodologies for synthesis of nanomaterials using a green chemistry approach, which is an alternate approach to biosynthesizing nanomaterials that relies on natural organisms for the reduction of metal ions into stable nanocrystals [14–21]. Biological methods are supposed to yield

novel and complex structural entities, unlike MK-1775 in vitro those obtained using conventional techniques [14, 15, 22]. A number of microbial species have been used for synthesis of metal nanoparticles but without much success in achieving shape control. The shape-controlled microbial synthesis of nanostructures is an exciting new area with considerable potential for development. Recently, Das et al. reported the synthesis of single-crystalline AuNPs [19] and different nanostructures from HAuCl4 using Rhizopus oryzae[5]. Biological methods exhibit size and shape control over a diverse array of materials, and they also facilitate mass production, high yield, and reproducibility [23, 24]. Biosynthesis of AuNPs and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been reported in different prokaryotic organisms, including Bacillus licheniformis[20], Brevibacterium casei[21], Bacillus subtilis[25], Escherichia coli[26], Lactobacillus[27],

Pseudomonas aeruginosa[28], and Rhodopseudomonas capsulate[29]. Several researchers exploited fungi as reducing agents for AgNP synthesis, including fungi such as Verticillium[14], Fusarium oxysporum[16], Aspergillus fumigatus[30], Penicillium fellutanum[31], Volvariella volvacea[32], Pleurotus florida[33], Candida[34], Ganoderma selleck products lucidum[35], and Neurospora crassa[36]. Among nanoparticles, AuNPs have immense potential for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Conjugation of AuNPs to ligands on cancer cells allows molecular imaging and detection of cancer [37]. Further, AuNPs have potential applications in electronics, catalysis, biological sensors, cancer diagnostics, therapeutics, nanomedicine,

and environmental work, because they have several merits, such as the fact that they are easy to synthesize, cost effective, and non-toxic, Lonafarnib and they have easy functionalization, STA-9090 research buy optical properties, facile surface chemistry, and biocompatibility [37, 38]. Moreover, biological processes could provide significant yield and are free from downstream processing; therefore, many researchers are interested in synthesizing nanoparticles with green manufacturing technology that uses bacteria, fungi, plants, and plant products. In most studies, either AuNPs or AgNPs were synthesized using bacteria. Many fungi have not been explored, including those mentioned above, and only a few fungi have been investigated for AuNP and AgNP synthesis. Among fungi that have not been tested, Ganoderma spp. have long been used as medicinal mushrooms in Asia, and they have an array of pharmacological properties, including immunomodulatory activity and pharmacological properties [39]. Ganoderma spp.

Swiss-Prot/TrEMBL, KEGG, and COG STI571 groups. tRNAs were annotated using tRNAscan-SE (v1.23). rRNAs were annotated using a combination of BLASTN and an rRNA-specific database. The srpRNA was located using the SRPscan website. The rnpB and tmRNA were located using the Rfam database and Infernal. Riboswitches and other noncoding RNAs predicted in the G. sulfurreducens genome [GenBank:NC00293] were retrieved from the Rfam database [123] and used

to annotate the corresponding sequences in G. metallireducens. Operon organization was predicted using the commercial version of the FGENESB software (V. Solovyev and A. Salamov, unpublished; Softberry, Inc; 2003–2007), with sequence Angiogenesis inhibitor parameters estimated separately from the G. sulfurreducens and G. metallireducens genomes. Default parameters were used in operon prediction, including minimum ORF length of 100 bp. Binding sites of the global regulator ModE (consensus ATCGCTATATANNNNNNTATATAACGAT) were predicted using ScanACE software [41, 42] using the algorithm of Berg and von Hippel [124] and the footprinted matrix of E. coli ModE-regulated sites from the Regulon DB database v 4.0 [125]. Functional annotations of transport

proteins were evaluated by referring to TCDB http://​www.​tcdb.​org, and PORES http://​garlic.​mefos.​hr/​pores was used to

annotate porins. Transposase families were assigned ISGme numbers for inclusion in the ISFinder database http://​www-is.​biotoul.​fr. Ro 61-8048 Manual curation The automated genome annotation of G. metallireducens was queried with the protein BLAST algorithm [126] using all predicted proteins in the automated annotation of the G. sulfurreducens genome [12] to identify conserved genes that aligned over their full lengths. The coordinates of numerous genes in both genomes were adjusted according to the criteria of full-length alignment, plausible ribosome-binding sites, and minimal overlap between genes on opposite DNA strands. The annotations of Phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase all other genes in G. metallireducens were checked by BLAST searches of NR. Discrepancies in functional annotation of conserved genes between the two genomes were also resolved by BLAST of NR and of the Swiss-Prot database. All hypothetical proteins were checked for similarity to previously identified domains, conservation among other Geobacteraceae, and absence from species other than Geobacteraceae. Genes that had no protein-level homologs in NR were checked (together with flanking intergenic sequences) by translated nucleotide BLAST in all six reading frames, and by nucleotide BLAST to ensure that conserved protein-coding or nucleotide features had not been missed.

This suggest that HDV ribozyme can cleave the hTR component as hammerhead ribozyme does, but its cleaving efficacy of is higher than that of hammerhead ribozyme [25]. Compared with L02 hepatocytes, bel 7402-RZ and HCT116-RZ cells mainly eFT-508 nmr showed both Spontaneous apoptosis and blockage of cell cycle. In immortal cells, it has been shown that telomerase activity is associated with the cell cycle [26]. The highest telomerase

activity is found in the S phase of cell cycle [27], whereas quiescent cells do not possess telomerase activity at a detectable level. Cancer cells escape senescence through both cell cycle checkpoint inactivation and the activation of telomerase. In addition to structural constraints[28], active telomerase

SC79 is one possible factor to physically shield the telomeric G-rich singlestranded overhang. The presence of free G-rich single-stranded selleck screening library telomeric DNA within the nucleus was found sufficient to trigger cell cycle arrest in U87 glioblastoma cells and in human fibroblasts [29]. One might speculate that inhibition of telomerase might increase the probability that at some point in the cell cycle a free telomeric overhang becomes exposed to the nucleoplasm and could trigger cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. It was also reported that the content of telomerase RNA in cells was not parallel to the telomerase activity [30]. In previous studies, hTR could be measured in cells, but there was no telomerase activity measured. Or, the hTR content in cells was measured high, but the telomerase activity was low. These results indicate that hTR is not the only determinant of telomerase activity.

The catalytic protein subunits are believed to be the key determinant of telomerase activity [31]. In our northern, the uncut hTR decreased to 1/25 and 1/20 of the original in ribozyme transfected bel7402 cells and HCT116 cells respctively, while the telomerse activity buy Forskolin drop to 1/10 and 1/8 respectively of the original. The results confirm the discrepancy of telomerase activity with telomerase RNA content. Ribozyme-transfected bel7402 cells and HCT116 cells showed G1/G0 arrest and proliferation inhibition, and 75% cells showed apoptosis at 96 h. This is consistent with reduction of telomerase activity. Our results suggest that diminution of telomerase can interfere with cancer cell growth and induce cell death, presumably through apoptosis. Emerging evidence revealed that telomerase activity is associated with increased cellular resistance to apoptosis [29, 32, 33]. Telomerase activity might therefore play some role in apoptosis-controlling mechanisms and inhibition of telomerase by ribozyme might impair this pathway. Conclusion gRZ.57 we designed in the research is effective against the hTR, it is a promising agent for tumor therapy.

One of the resulting plasmids, pSAT-8, containing the resistance cassette in the

same orientation as the deleted gene, was confirmed by restriction digestion and sequencing and subsequently used to mutate meningococcal strains by natural transformation and allelic exchange as previously described [31]. Mutation of gapA-1 was confirmed by PCR analysis and immunoblotting. Complementation of gapA-1 Plasmid pSAT-12, which we previously used to complement the meningococcal cbbA gene [29] was subjected to inverse PCR using the primers pSAT-12iPCR(IF) and pSAT-12iPCR(IR) (Table 2). This resulted in deletion BI-D1870 of the cbbA coding sequence but leaving the upstream cbbA-promoter sequence intact and introduced a unique BglII site to facilitate the cloning of gapA-1 downstream of the promoter. The gapA-1 coding sequence was amplified from strain MC58 using the primers gapA1_Comp(F)2 and gapA1_Comp(R)2 (Table 2) incorporating BamHI-sites into the amplified fragment. The BamHI-digested fragment was then introduced into the BglII site to yield pSAT-14. This vector therefore contained the gapA-1 PF-02341066 in vivo coding sequence under the control of the cbbA promoter and downstream of this, an erythromycin resistance gene. These elements

were flanked by the MC58 genes NMB0102 and NMB0103. pSAT-14 was then used to transform MC58ΔgapA-1 by natural transformation, thus introducing a single chromosomal copy of gapA-1 under the control of the cbbA promoter and the downstream erythromycin resistance cassette in the intergenic region between NMB0102 and NMB0103. Insertion of the gapA-1 gene and erythromycin resistance cassette at the ectopic site was confirmed by PCR analysis and sequencing. Flow cytometry These experiments were click here performed essentially as previously described [29]. Briefly, 1 × 107 CFU aliquots of N. meningitidis were incubated for 2 h with rabbit anti-GapA-1-specific polyclonal antiserum (RαGapA-1) (1:500 diluted in PBS containing 0.1% BSA, 0.1% sodium azide and 2% foetal calf serum) and untreated cells were used as a control. Cells

were washed with PBS and incubated for 2 h with goat anti-rabbit IgG-Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA; diluted 1:50 in PBS containing 0.1% BSA, 0.1% sodium azide and 2% foetal calf serum). Immune system Again, untreated cells were used as a control. Finally, the samples were washed before being fixed in 1 ml PBS containing 0.5% formaldehyde. Samples were analyzed for fluorescence using a Coulter Altra Flow Cytometer. Cells were detected using forward and log-side scatter dot plots, and a gating region was set to exclude cell debris and aggregates of bacteria. A total of 50,000 bacteria (events) were analyzed. Association and invasion assays Association and invasion assays were performed essentially as previously described [29].