Similar results were obtained when studies were conducted with MH-S cells and JAWSII cells (not shown). Although the reasons underlying the greater recovery of spores from infections conducted under non-germinating www.selleckchem.com/products/VX-770.html conditions are not clear, we speculate that germinated spores might be more susceptible than dormant spores to killing after uptake from the cell surface. This potential explanation is consistent with earlier reports that spores that had been intentionally pre-germinated prior to exposure to mammalian cells were more readily killed than dormant spores upon uptake into mammalian cells [20, 22]. These results support the idea that the germination state of B. anthracis spores

SP600125 is a critical determinant of the PX-478 fate of the intracellular bacteria. Figure 6 The germination state of spores influences the viability of intracellular B. anthracis. RAW264.7 cells were incubated for 30 min with dormant B. anthracis spores

(MOI 10) in DMEM in the presence (+, black bars) or absence (-, white bars) of FBS (10%), or, with pre-germinated spores (MOI 10) in DMEM in the absence of FBS (grey bars). B. anthracis spores were pre-germinated by incubation for 30 min in PBS pH 7.2 supplemented with L-alanine and L-inosine (both at 10 mM), and then washed twice with PBS pH 7.2 to remove germinants. After 30 min, the cells were washed to remove extracellular B. anthracis, and then further incubated with cAMP FBS (10%) and, as described under “”Methods,”" with gentamicin to germinate and kill any remaining spores that had not been germinated. After 15 min, the cells were washed and then further incubated in the absence of gentamicin. At 5, 60, or 240 min after removal of gentamicin, as indicated, the RAW264.7 cells were lysed, and the lysates were evaluated for viable B. anthracis, as described under Materials and Methods. The data were rendered as the fold-change in recoverable CFU in the absence or presence of FBS, relative to cells at 5 min

post infection in the absence of FBS. The rendered data were combined from three independent experiments, each conducted in triplicate. Error bars indicate standard deviations. The P values were calculated to evaluate the statistical significance of the differences in recoverable CFU between cells infected in the absence or presence of FBS. Germination state of B. anthracis spores influences the viability of RAW264.7 cells during in vitro infection The greater number of viable, intracellular B. anthracis recovered from cells infected under non-germinating conditions (Figure 6) prompted us to examine whether the viability of infected host cells might also be influenced by the germination state of spores during uptake. To evaluate this issue, RAW264.7 cells were incubated with B. anthracis spores (MOI 10) in the presence or absence of FBS (10%). Subsequent to employing the same gentamicin-protection procedure used for monitoring intracellular B.

CrossRef 38. Zeng B, Yang X, Wang C, Feng Q, Luo X: Super-resolution imaging at different wavelengths by using a one-dimensional metamaterial structure.

J Opt 2010, 12:035104.CrossRef 39. Gao Y, Xin Z, Zeng B, Gan Q, Cheng X, Bartoli FJ: Plasmonic interferometric sensor arrays for high-performance label-free biomolecular detection. Lab Chip 2013, 13:4755–4764.CrossRef 40. Xu T, Fang L, Zeng B, Liu Y, Wang C, Feng Q, Luo X: Subwavelength nanolithography based on unidirectional excitation of surface plasmons. J Opt A Pure Appl Opt 2009, 11:085003.CrossRef 41. Drezet A, Koller D, Hohenau A, Leitner A, Aussenegg FR, Krenn JR: Plasmonic crystal demultiplexer and multiports. Nano Lett 2007, 7:1697–1700.CrossRef 42. Johnson PB, Christy RW: Optical constants of the noble metals. Phys Rev B 1972, 6:4370–4379.CrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Repotrectinib price Authors’ contributions GS and XJ fabricated and measured the nanopillars. QG and JL helped with the simulations. FW supervised the project. All authors read and approved

the final manuscript.”
“Background The development of nanostructured advanced materials based on the incorporation of metal nanoparticles has attracted the attention of the researchers [1–5]. The optical spectra of the metal nanostructures show Apoptosis inhibitor an attractive plasmon resonance band, known as localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), which occurs when the conductive electrons in metal nanostructures collectively oscillate as a result of their interaction with the incident electromagnetic radiation [6, 7]. Such nanoplasmonic properties of the metal nanostructures are being investigated because of their unique or improved antibacterial, Farnesyltransferase catalytic, electronic, or photonics properties [8–15]. In addition, their excellent optical properties make them ideal to use in optical fiber sensors in detecting physical or chemical parameters [16, 17]. A wide variety of methodologies are focused on the synthesis of metal nanoparticles with a fine control of the resultant morphology [18–24].

Of all them, chemical reduction methods from metal salts (i.e., AgNO3 or HAuCl4) are one of the most studied using adequate protective and reducing agents due to their simplicity [25–29]. Very recently, the high versatility of the poly(acrylic acid, sodium salt) (PAA) has been demonstrated as a protective agent of the BIBF 1120 manufacturer silver nanoparticles because of the possibility of obtaining multicolor silver nanoparticles with a high stability in time by controlling the variable molar ratio concentration between protective and reducing agents [30]. This weak polyelectrolyte (PAA) presents carboxylate and carboxylic acid groups at a suitable pH, being of great interest for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles. Specifically, the carboxylate groups of the PAA can bind silver cations, forming positively charged complexes, and a further reduction of the complexes to silver nanoparticles takes place [31–33].

We observed that the (Er,Yb):Lu2O3 nanocrystals embedded in PMMA microcolumns presented the two main diffraction peaks attributed

to the cubic system with the space group (Figure 2) and some extra peaks of the silicon mask. As expected, no preferential orientation was shown in the nanocrystals embedded in the PMMA columns. Figure 2 XRD pattern of (Er,Yb):Lu 2 O 3 immersed in PMMA and (Er,Yb):Lu 2 O 3 nanocrystals and JCPDS 43–1021 as reference pattern. Particle size and dispersion The particle size and dispersion were studied using #Cyclopamine datasheet randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# TEM imaging and software. Figure 3 shows the representative TEM images and the histogram of the (Er,Yb):Lu2O3 nanocrystals, which is well represented by a lognormal distribution with a mean size of 33.1 nm and a dispersion of 44% [26, 27]. Moreover, the sample presents good homogeneity, but the nanocrystals build aggregates that lead to large particle size dispersion (Figure 4). As reported in our other previous works, we can observe an almost spherical morphology of the nanocrystals, selleck screening library which is related with

the polyhedrical shape of the nanocrystals. Using the Wulff theory and Donnay-Harker theory [28], in which the morphological importance of the crystalline faces is proportional to 1/d hkl; we can say that the crystalline habit in (Er,Yb):Lu2O3 nanocrystals is dominated by the crystallographic planes 2 0 0 and 1 1 2. Figure 3 TEM image of the (Er,Yb):Lu 2 O 3 nanocrystals. Figure 4 ESEM image of the (Er,Yb):Lu 2 O 3 nanocrystals. Visualization of PMMA microcolumns by electron microscopy Environmental scanning electron microscopy was used to visualize the PMMA microcolumns after the silicon template had been removed (Figure 5). It can be observed that the microcolumns were

disordered Thiamine-diphosphate kinase because they were grown on a disordered silicon template. The diameter of the microcolumns and the length of the columns were about 1 and 15 μm, respectively, resulting in an aspect ratio (height/diameter) of around 15. It was difficult to visualize the (Er,Yb):Lu2O3 nanocrystals in the microcolumns using ESEM, so transmission electron microscopy was used instead. Figure 6 shows some TEM images of a piece of PMMA microcolumn and shows the (Er,Yb):Lu2O3 nanocrystals with a darker contrast distributed in the microcolumns. Figure 5 ESEM images of PMMA microcolumns with embedded (Er,Yb):Lu 2 O 3 nanocrystals. Figure 6 TEM photographs of a fragment of PMMA microcolumns in which (Er,Yb):Lu 2 O 3 nanocrystals are embedded. High-resolution electron microscopy was used to observe the (Er,Yb):Lu2O3 nanocrystals embedded in the PMMA microcolumns (Figure 7). The HRTEM images with the corresponding fast Fourier transform (FFT) pattern and the lattice planes can be indexed on the basis of their cubic phase. A border of nanocrystals clearly shows an interplanar 2 2 2 lattice with a value of 3.

d. × 100 mm length). The packed column was filled with 0.5 M NaOH and allowed to

stand overnight at 20°C. After washing with 200 mL of water, 50 mL of water was circulated in Selumetinib mouse the column for 24 h at a flow rate of 1 BV h-1. The water was recovered and subjected to an analysis of total organic carbon content [10]. Results and discussion https://www.selleckchem.com/products/AP24534.html Porous supports bearing lipid membranes Characterization of the porous supports bearing lipid membranes was reported previously [10]. An IR spectrum of the cross-linked porous chitosan reacted with succinic anhydride showed a new absorption band at 1,720 cm-1 (νC=O of COOH) and an increase of intensity at 1,655 and 1,560 cm-1 (νC=O of NHCO) indicating selective N-succinylation.

After further reaction with the vesicular dispersion of N-octadecylchitosan, a small but distinct www.selleckchem.com/products/CP-673451.html increase of νCH at 2,925 cm-1 and a disappearance of νC=O of COOH at 1,720 cm-1 were observed. The difference spectrum, N-octadecylchitosan-immobilized supports minus carboxylated ones, demonstrated νCH of N-octadecylchitosan methylenes at 2,925 and 2,850 cm-1 and νC=O of NHCO at 1,655 and 1,560 cm-1. These results supported the covalent immobilization of N-octadecylchitosan to the carboxylated supports by amide bonds. A rougher surface was observed at the scanning electron micrograph of N-octadecylchitosan-immobilized supports compared to carboxylated ones. Furthermore, threadlike materials in order of tens of angstrom thickness were observed around the fibrous support in TEM of ultrathin

sections of the N-octadecylchitosan-immobilized supports (Figure 3). From the above results, polymeric lipid membranes of N-octadecylchitosan were covalently immobilized to porous supports. Ketotifen The immobilized amount of N-octadecylchitosan was estimated as 4 mg mL-1 of particles from the consumption of hydrochloric acid in titration. Figure 3 Transmission electron micrograph of the porous supports bearing lipid membranes (ultrathin section). ×60,000 as provided. Column-wise adsorption of LPS from protein solution by porous supports bearing lipid membranes For the porous supports bearing lipid membranes, it was reported that LPS was removed to as low as 0.1 ng mL-1 from the BSA solution at pH 4.3 to 7.0 with the ionic strength of 0.01 to 0.1 with a quantitative recovery of protein [11]. BSA was highly contaminated by LPS as obtained with the concentration of 100 to 148 ng mL-1 of LPS for 5 mg mL-1 of BSA. In this report, the column-wise adsorption experiments using HSA were carried out for not only the porous supports bearing lipid membranes but also the conventional adsorbents for LPS removal. The HSA/LPS mixed solution was passed through the column packed with the adsorbents. Concentrations of HSA and LPS were 5 mg mL-1 and 1 to 39 ng mL-1, respectively.

For each tumor section, quantification of immunofluorescence double staining was performed by counting Ki-67+ cells in six high power fields (400 × magnification) in parallel with LgR5+. The proportion of Ki-67 positivity in counted LgR5+ cells was expressed in percentages. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis To analyze gene expression of LgR5 by RT-PCR, we extracted total cellular RNA and performed cDNA Torin 2 in vitro synthesis using the Absolutely RNA FFPE

Kit and AffinityScript QPCR cDNA Synthesis Kit from Stratagene (Waldbronn, Germany). Areas of interest (only epithelial regions) for each tissue section were manually microdissected using a scalpel blade. For both groups (BE and EAC

without BE) equal amounts of tissue areas were assessed (2 × 1.5 cm2 surface area per section, thickness of 10 μm). RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis ISRIB chemical structure were performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. For OE-33 cell line, after homogenization Diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC)-75% ethanol was added to the lysate to provide ideal binding conditions. Primers were designed using the Primer Express software for primer design to amplify short segments of 50-150 base pairs of target cDNA. The LgR5 forward primer sequence was: 5′-TGCTGGCTGGTGTGGATGCG-3′; the LgR5 reverse primer sequence was: 5′-GCCAGCAGGGCACAGAGCAA-3′. Matched human esophageal cDNA was purchased by BioChain (Hayward, CA, USA) as control. The housekeeping gene Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) selleck inhibitor was used for relative quantification and cDNA quality control. The GAPDH forward primer sequence was: 5′-ATCCCATCACCATCTTCCAGG-3′; the GAPDH reverse primer sequence was: 5′-CGCCCCACTTGATTTTGG-3′. All PCR reactions were carried out with a DNA Engine Opticon 2 System

(MJ Research, old Biozym, Oldendorf, Germany). Total RNA was reversely transcribed into cDNA according to the manufacturer’s manual. Each PCR reaction was performed in 25 μl volume containing 12.5 μl the Sensi Mix (Peqlab, Erlangen, Germany), 0.5 μl SYBR Green, 10 pmol/μl forward primer, 10 pmol/μl reverse primer, 1 μl template DNA (150 ng) and 9 μl peqgold RNAse free water. Initial denaturation at 95°C for 10 minutes was followed by 38 cycles of a denaturation step at 95°C for 15 seconds, an annealing step at 60.9 °C for 30 seconds, and an extension step at 72°C for 40 seconds. To confirm amplification specificity, the PCR products from each primer pair were subjected to a melting curve analysis. Negative controls without template were produced for each run. Quantification data were analyzed using the LightCycler analysis software. Reproducibility was confirmed by independent PCR repeated twice. The average threshold cycle (Ct) value was calculated as the cycle number at which the fluorescence of the reporter reaches a fixed threshold.

001). Baseline INSTI resistance (genotypic and phenotypic) and baseline viral load were highly significant predictors of response at week 24. For every twofold increase in DTG change, the odds of virologic suppression to <50 copies/mL were 63% lower, and were 96% lower if the virus contained Q148 +≥2 mutations. VIKING 4 (unpublished; NCT01568892) is designed similar to VIKING 3, but with a randomized (1:1), double-blind placebo study

design to quantitatively evaluate antiviral activity specifically attributed to DTG [37]. Results of this study are not yet published. Pediatric Formulations IMPAACT study P1093 (NCT01302847) is an ongoing Phase I/II safety and dose-finding study for treatment-experienced, INSTI-naïve infants, children and adolescents. Similar to the VIKING studies, DTG is first added to a failing regimen for 5–10 days, then OBR for further follow-up. CAL-101 solubility dmso This study is composed of five age-related cohorts ranging from >6 weeks up to 18 years. Data for the oldest two cohorts have been presented at scientific meetings [38–40]. The first cohort >12 and <18 years provided data contributing to the FDA label approving DTG down to 12 years of age with a weight minimum of 40 kg [24]. These pediatric studies measure virologic suppression <400 copies/mL SBI-0206965 in vivo at 24 weeks (83%) [38] and 48 weeks

(74%) with an additional secondary endpoint as <50 copies/mL (70% and 61%, respectively) [39]. Virologic failure (<400 copies/mL) at week 48 in all 6 of 23 adolescents was attributed to incomplete

adherence based on a 3-day pill recall questionnaire. There were no DTG drug-related adverse Protirelin events and no discontinuations. The target area under the curve at 24 h (AUC24) and concentration at 24 h (C24) were achieved with ~1 mg/kg dosing [39, 40]. A pediatric granule formulation has been developed and tested, demonstrating that drug exposure exceeds that of the tablet form, is palatable, and can be given without food or liquid restrictions [41]. Adverse Events and Side Effects Creatinine typically rises in the first 2 weeks after starting DTG, returning to baseline by 48 weeks [27, 29]. This rise in creatinine is attributed to DTG’s potent inhibition of human organic cation transporter (OCT2) that inhibits proximal renal tubular creatinine secretion without affecting GFR, similar to other drugs including trimethoprim and cimetidine [42]. Approximately 1.7% of aggregate participants in cited clinical trials experienced increased ALT levels (>5× the normal limit) with approximately three participants (~0.2%) with evidence of DILI, possibly attributed to DTG [23, 28, 29, 32, 35]. These findings have mostly been explained by the inclusion of participants co-infected with hepatitis B and/or hepatitis C, who experience immune check details reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) attributed to the potency of DTG.

Mouse skin infection assay Mice were infected with S. aureus as previously described [14]. Briefly, six-week-old female BALB/c mice were infected by intradermal injection with 108 CFU of S. aureus. Mice were assessed and weighed daily for five days. Mice were culled on the 5th day and lesion size measured and CFU recovered from infected tissues by homogenization and colony enumeration on BHI. For each S. aureus strain, at least 10 mice were assessed. Genome sequencing Genome sequences for three ST93 strains Necrostatin-1 mw (TPS3104, TPS3105, TPS3106) were obtained from an Illumina GAIIx analyzer

using 100 bp paired-end chemistry with a mean fold coverage of 331×. Genome sequencing of the two laboratory-induced mutants JKD6159∆hla (TPS3265) and JKD6159_AraCr (TPS3268) was performed using Ion Torrent sequencing technology. Comparative genomics A read mapping approach was used to compare the sequences from all isolates used

in this selleck compound study, as previously described [14, 37]. Briefly, the reads from all genomes were aligned to the JKD6159 reference using SHRiMP 2.0 [38]. SNPs were identified using Nesoni v0.60 [ http://​www.​bioinformatics.​net.​au]. Using the whole genome sequence of JKD6159 as a reference, a global SNP analysis was performed, and allelic variability at any nucleotide position was tallied to generate a global SNP analysis for every genome compared to JKD6159. Quantitative RT-PCR for RNAIII expression To investigate activity of the agr locus (RNAIII) qRT-PCR was performed for RNAIII as previously described [37]. Briefly, RNA was prepared as previously described with two on-column DNase I digestion steps and cDNA synthesis using SuperScript II reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen). Relative expression was determined as previously described and was normalised against gyrB. Results were obtained from P-type ATPase 3 biological replicates each performed in triplicate. RNA sequencing Staphylococcus aureus strains JKD6159 and JKD6159_AraCr were grown to early stationary culture as described above. For RNA protection, 0.5 volumes of RNAlater® RNA stabilization reagent (Qiagen) was added immediately to the liquid culture

and allowed to incubate with the bacterial suspension for 15 minutes at room temperature. Cells were pelleted at 5,000 × g for 5 minutes followed by RNA extraction using RNeasy mini kit (Qiagen) and two rounds of DNase I digestion (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer’s instruction. RNA concentration was quantified using Qubit® 2.0 Fluorometer and RNA quality assessed using Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer. Ten μg of total RNA from the stationary growth phase with RNA intergrity number (RIN) greater than 7 was used in RNA-seq. Ribosomal depletion, cDNA Mdivi1 mw library preparation and pair ended sequencing using HiSeq2000 sequencing platform was performed by Beijing Genome Institute (Hong Kong, China). RNAseq was performed on two biological samples for each strain.

In particular, #Oligomycin A in vivo randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# we conclude that by increasing the applied voltage and also

channel length, the drain current increases, which showed better performance in comparison with the typical behavior of other kinds of transistors. Finally, a comparative study of the presented model with MOSFET with a SiO2 gate insulator, a TGN MOSFET with an ionic liquid gate, and a TGN MOSFET with a ZrO2 wrap-around gate was presented. The proposed model is also characterized by a steep subthreshold slope, which clearly gives an illustration of the fact that the TGN SB FET shows a better performance in terms of transient between off-on states. The obtained results showed that due to the superior electrical properties of TGN such as

high mobility, quantum transport, 1D behaviors, and easy fabrication, the suggested model can give better performance as a high-speed switch with a low value of subthreshold slope. Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support from a Research University grant of the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Malaysia, under Projects Q.J130000.7123.02H24, PY/2012/00168, and Q.J130000.7123.02H04. Also, thanks to the Research Management Center (RMC) of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) for providing excellent research environment in which to complete this work. References 1. Mak KF, Shan J, Heinz TF: Electronic structure of few-layer graphene: experimental demonstration of GDC-0449 supplier strong dependence on stacking sequence. Phys Rev Lett 2010, 104:176404.CrossRef 2. Rahmani M, Liothyronine Sodium Ahmadi MT, Kiani MJ, Ismail R: Monolayer graphene nanoribbon p-n junction. J Nanoeng Nanomanuf 2012, 2:1–4. 3. Craciun MF, Russo S, Yamamoto M, Oostinga

JB, Morpurgo AF, Tarucha S: Trilayer graphene is a semimetal with a gate-tunable band overlap. Nat Nanotechnol 2009, 4:383–388.CrossRef 4. Berger C, Song Z, Li T, Li X, Ogbazghi AY, Feng R, Dai Z, Marchenkov AN, Conrad EH, First PN, de Heer WA: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite: 2D electron gas properties and a route toward graphene-based nanoelectronics. J Phys Chem B 2004, 108:19912–19916.CrossRef 5. Nirmalraj PN, Lutz T, Kumar S, Duesberg GS, Boland JJ: Nanoscale mapping of electrical resistivity and connectivity in graphene strips and networks. Nano Letters 2011, 11:16–22.CrossRef 6. Avetisyan AA, Partoens B, Peeters FM: Stacking order dependent electric field tuning of the band gap in graphene multilayers. Phys Rev B 2010, 81:115432.CrossRef 7. Warner JH: The influence of the number of graphene layers on the atomic resolution images obtained from aberration-corrected high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Nanotechnology 2010, 21:255707.CrossRef 8.

PubMedCrossRef 6. Yan A, Guan Z, Raetz CR: An undecaprenyl phosphate-aminoarabinose flippase required for polymyxin resistance in Escherichia coli . J Biol Chem 2007, 282:36077–36089.PubMedCrossRef 7. Raetz CRH, Reynolds CM, Trent MS, Bishop RE: Lipid A modification systems in Gram negative bacteria. Annu Rev Biochem 2007, 76:295–329.PubMedCrossRef 8. Zhou Z, Ribeiro AA, Lin S, Cotter RJ,

Miller SI, Raetz CR: Lipid A modifications in polymyxin-resistant Salmonella typhimurium : PMRA dependent 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose, and phosphoethanolamine incorporation. J Biol Chem 2001, 276:43111–43121.PubMedCrossRef 9. Fry BN, Feng S, Chen YY, Newell DG, Coloe PJ, Korolik V: The galE www.selleckchem.com/products/ly2874455.html gene of Campylobacter jejuni is involved in lipopolysaccharide synthesis and virulence. Infect Immun 2000, 68:2594–2601.PubMedCrossRef 10. Ho TD, Waldor MK: Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 gal mutants are sensitive to bacteriophage P1 and defective check details in intestinal colonization. Infect Immun 2007, 75:1661–1666.PubMedCrossRef 11. Nakao R, Senpuku H, Watanabe H: click here Porphyromonas gingivalis galE is involved in lipopolysaccharide O-antigen synthesis and biofilm formation. Infect Immun 2006, 74:6145–6153.PubMedCrossRef 12. Deng M, Misra R: Examination of AsmA and its effect on the assembly of

Escherichia coli outer membrane proteins. Mol Microbiol 1996, 21:605–612.PubMedCrossRef 13. Xiong X, Deeter JN, Misra R: Assembly-defective OmpC mutants of Escherichia coli K-12. J Bacteriol 1996, 178:1213–1215.PubMed 14. Ko M, Park C: H-NS-Dependent regulation of flagellar synthesis is mediated by a LysR family protein. J Bacteriol 2000, 182:4670–4672.PubMedCrossRef 15. Smith MN, Kwok SC, Hodges RS, Wood JM:

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Methods Nanostructured Si templates were obtained starting from p-type (1016 B/cm3), (100) Si wafers. The samples were UV oxidized and dipped in a 5% HF solution so as to obtain a clean and oxide-free Si surface. Then a thin Au layer www.selleckchem.com/products/jph203.html (2 nm) was deposited on Si at room temperature by electron beam evaporation by using high-purity (99.9%) gold pellets as source. Finally,

the samples were etched at room temperature in a solution of HF (5 M) and H2O2 (0.44 M) [17]. The templates were covered with a thin layer of TiO2 (10 nm thick), deposited by ALD, using a Beneq TFS 200 system (Beneq Oy, Espoo, Finland), with TiCl4 (99.9%) and de-ionized water as precursors, at a deposition temperature of 200°C. Nitrogen (>99.999%) was used as 17DMAG in vitro carrier gas. This sample typology will be hereafter called ‘TiO2/Si-template’. TiO2 flat films (10 nm thick) deposited on flat Si substrates were used as a reference, hereafter simply called ‘TiO2’. The structural characterization was performed

by scanning find more electron microscopy (SEM) with a field emission Zeiss Supra 25 (Carl Zeiss, Inc., Oberkochen, Germany) and by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with a JEOL JEM-2010 F (JEOL Ltd., Akishima-shi, Japan) operated at 200 keV and equipped with a post-column Gatan GIF 2001 energy image filter (Gatan, Inc., Pleasanton, CA, USA). The photocatalytic activity of the investigated materials was tested by the degradation of two dyes: IMP dehydrogenase methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO), complying with the ISO protocol [18]. The employed MB was a 0.05-wt% solution in water (code number: 319112, by Sigma-Aldrich Corporation, St. Louis, MO, USA), while the MO was a 0.1% solution (code number: 34576, by Sigma-Aldrich Corporation, St. Louis, MO, USA). The irradiation was performed with a polychromatic UV lamp (from 350 to 400 nm), with a power of 8 W (by Philips, Amsterdam, The Netherlands). Before any measurement, the samples were irradiated by the UV lamp for 50 min in order to remove the hydrocarbons from the sample surface [19]. The samples, 0.6 cm × 0.8 cm in size, were immersed in a solution (2 ml) containing

MB or MO and de-ionized water (starting concentration 1.5 × 10−5 or 1 × 10−5 M, respectively). The mixture was irradiated by the UV lamp with an irradiance of 1.1 mW/cm2. The irradiated solution was measured at regular time intervals with an UV-VIS spectrophotometer (PerkinElmer Lambda 35, PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA) in a wavelength range from 500 to 800 nm for MB and from 350 to 650 nm for MO. The degradation of MB and MO was evaluated by the absorbance peak at 664 and 464 nm, respectively, in the Lambert-Beer regime [20]. The decomposition of the colorants in the absence of any catalyst materials was checked as a reference. Control experiments in the dark were conducted to clarify the contribution of the adsorption of the MB and MO at the sample surface.