The in vitro cytotoxic studies were complemented by the cell cycle analysis and determination caspase-3 activity. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay was applied on the expression of apoptosis-associated genes. The result showed that treatment of HeLa cells with SLT-A resulted in the growth inhibition effect, and the IC(50) value was approximately

82 mu g/ml. SLT-A (80 mu g/ml) induced more cell apoptosis of HeLa cells and accumulated the cells in the G2/M phase compared with the control cells. On the other hand, the expression of p53 and Bax gene was increased in the cells treated with SLT-A (80 mu g/ml), with an increase in the activity of caspase-3, while Bcl-2 expression was not changed compared to the control cells. Our results demonstrated that SLT-A presented antiproliferative activity in HeLa cells and might be a potential anticancer Chk inhibitor drug.”
“Aim The aim of this study was to observe insulin resistance and -cell function changes among women diagnosed with gestational impaired glucose tolerance or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)

in mid-pregnancy. Material and Methods Sixty-four pregnant women receiving prenatal care underwent an oral glucose tolerance test at 2024 weeks of gestation and an insulin release test. The GDM group included 34 pregnant women diagnosed with gestational impaired glucose tolerance or GDM, and the subjects with normal blood glucose were the control group. Insulin Captisol in vivo resistance and islet -cell function changes were observed with the oral glucose tolerance test and insulin release test. Results The homeostatic model assessment- levels in late pregnancy were higher than those in mid-pregnancy for both groups, and the primary time effect was statistically significant. The early insulin secretion index (I30/G30) values in mid- and late pregnancy were lower in the selleck screening library GDM group. The values of the area under the curve of blood glucose in mid- and late pregnancy were higher in the GDM group than those in the control group. Insulin resistance was higher in GDM patients than in normal pregnant women. Conclusions Insulin resistance was aggravated, and -cell’s ability to

compensate for the increased insulin resistance by modulating insulin secretion was aggravated, as gestational week increased in women with gestational diabetes and normal pregnant women. Insulin resistance in women with GDM is higher than in pregnant women with normal metabolism of glucose.”
“Gastroretentive Delivery Systems are employed to improve the bioavailability of drugs which are absorbed through upper part of GIT, by increasing their retention time. Incorporation of permeability enhancers in the formulations of such drugs can further increase their bioavailability; however their use in the formulations is questionable due to the toxicity exhibited by them. Acyclovir is a class III drug having low oral bioavailability due to improper absorption.

In multivariate analysis only comorbidities assessed by the Charlson index [Adjusted Odds Ratio, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2-2.2; p < 0.003] and the number of organ failures assessed BAY 57-1293 by the SOFA score [Adjusted Odds Ratio, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.1-5.2; p < 0.02] were independently associated with 3-month mortality. All 22 patients needing renal support after Day 3 died. Compared with pre-admission, physical (p = 0.04), and cognitive (p = 0.62) dependence

in survivors had changed very little at 3 months. In addition, the mean NHP score was 213.1 +/- 132.8 at 3 months, suggesting an acceptable perception of their quality of life.

Conclusions: In a selected population of non surgical patients 75 years and older, admission into the ICU is associated with a 3-month survival rate of 38% with little impact on physical and cognitive dependence and subjective health status. Nevertheless, a high comorbidity level (ie, Charlson index), multi-organ failure, and the need for extra-renal support at the early phase of intensive care could be considered as predictors check details of death.”
“Background: Many implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) recipients may develop indications for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) during follow-up. However, the actual upgrade rate during follow-up in clinical practice is not known.

Methods: We performed a single center retrospective observational

study of all new ICD implants over 5 years (2003-2007). The rate of CRT upgrade of patients initially implanted

with a single-/dual-chamber ICD during follow-up was assessed. The impact of using alternative criteria on the need for CRT in ICD recipients at initial implant was also evaluated.

Results: During the selleck 化学品公司 study period, there were 549 new ICD implants. The initial implant was a single/dual-chamber ICD in 73% (n = 399) and a CRT-D in 27% (n = 150). During follow-up (48 +/- 20 months) of the 399 ICD recipients, 70 (17.5%) died and 15 (3.8%) were upgraded to CRT, including eight cases where left ventricular lead implant had been initially unsuccessful. Upgrade rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 0.03%, 2.4%, and 5.1%, respectively. Using alternative CRT criteria (left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] <= 30%, QRS >= 130 ms, New York Heart Association I-IV) 42.6% (n = 234) of ICD recipients met criteria for CRT at initial implant.

Conclusion: In this retrospective single center study, rates of CRT upgrade in ICD recipients over the medium term were low, which may reflect underuse in otherwise appropriate candidates. The more liberal use of CRT at initial implant in patients with a reduced LVEF, a broad QRS, but only mild heart failure symptoms would require approximately 50% increase in CRT use in ICD recipients at initial implant, and may help address some of the suggested underutilization.

Purpose: The aim of this article was to discuss the interpretation of urine drug tests

and their application to pain physician practices. Method. We utilized a selection of recent articles on urine drug screening applicable to the pain patient population. Results and Conclusions. The article provides pertinent information about interpretation of urine drug testing, which is separated into six categories: which drugs and metabolites to test for; which analytical cutoffs to use; pain medication metabolism; identification of alcohol use; determination of patient compliance; and which patient groups to consider for more frequent testing.”
“Antioxidant potential and total phenolics content of 70% acetone extracts of the raw and processed seeds of Bauhinia Fedratinib vahlii were evaluated. The extract of raw seeds contained higher levels of total phenolics (30.8 g/100 g) and tannins (19.6 g/100 g) compared to dry heated and soaking followed by autoclaving seed extracts. Extracts were screened for antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities using various chemical and in vitro model systems. In all the models, except DPPH radical scavenging activity, the extract from raw seeds manifested

the strongest antioxidant activity than that from processed seeds. In beta-carotene/linoleic acid emulsion system and superoxide scavenging activity, the raw seed extract registered more activity when compared to the standards (butylated hydroxyanisole and alpha-tocopherol). Selleck PF00299804 Whereas, GPCR Compound Library the extract from dry heated seed exhibited higher DPPH(center dot) scavenging activity (IC(50) 70.77 mu g/mL) than the raw seeds (IC(50) 74.4 mu g/mL). This study has to some extent validated the antioxidant potential of the seeds of

B. vahlii.”
“Objective. Several prominent guidelines recommend that patients on long-term opioid therapy have periodic urine drug monitoring (UDM) for appropriate use; however, none address the specific questions of which patients to test, which substances to test for, how often to test, and how to act on the results. Design. In the absence of adequate scientific evidence in the literature, a panel of experts in the field of pain and addiction medicine was convened to develop consensus UDM recommendations. The panel met three times between March 2010 and April 2011, and reviewed several drafts of the recommendations document between meetings. Results. The group was able to achieve consensus on a set of UDM recommendations addressing test selection, test frequency, interpretation of results, and how to handle discrepancies based on specific results. Conclusion. While the participating panel members recognize that there currently is a limited evidence base to support the expert panel’s recommendations, primary care providers and pain specialists are largely acting today based on anecdote, intuition, and individual experience.

Factors associated with the development of HCC were evaluated by using multivariate Cox regression analysis.

Results: Among 98 patients with MOVC, liver nodules were detected in 37 patients (38%), 23 of whom had HCC associated with MOVC and 14 of whom had benign nodules. The cumulative incidence of HCC at 1, 5, and 10 years was 7.3%, 13.5%, and 31.8%, respectively. Female sex was the only significant factor associated with the development of HCC (odds ratio, 6.02; P < .001). HCC was of the single nodular type and of peripheral location. Among 23 patients with HCC, 20 patients were treated with only TACE and three with liver transplantation after TACE. After TACE, 14 (61%) of the study patients

had a complete response, and survival rates at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years were 90%, 85%, 61%, 61%, and

46%, respectively.

Conclusion: GANT61 in vitro BEZ235 ic50 The incidence of HCC in patients with MOVC was similar to that found in other studies. TACE resulted in an effective tumor response for HCC and seemed to be effective in prolonging patient survival. Female sex was the only significant factor associated with the development of HCC. A single nodular tumor with a peripheral location appears to have a higher probability of HCC. (C) RSNA, 2010″
“Genoderma lucidum among all other cultivated mushrooms is unique for its medicinal, rather than nutritional value. A woody mushroom for centuries highly regarded in oriental folk medicine in recent years came in to focus of numerous pharmacological and medical researchers. The paper gives a brief overview of the obtained results and state of the art of knowledge about its bioactive components and pharmacological functioning indicating its possible use in brewing as a raw material for the production of beer with improved functional properties. It deals with the procedure for Ganoderma extract production,

determination of main bioactive substance contents, procedure for beer enrichment and sensory evaluation of the final products. The consumer’s acceptance test was carried out by 105 untrained young subjects. The results indicate that both male and female tasters evaluated the enriched beer similar or even better than initial commercially produced Pilsner beer. Male tasters especially showed great affinity for new sensory properties, particularly the body, liveliness, and taste. Female tasters evaluated both beers Bindarit cell line quite similarly. According to their opinion, beer with Ganoderma compared with initial beer differs statistically significantly better only by its bodiness. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“This study was designed to determine the effect of beta-conglycinin glycosylation on the thermal aggregation of beta-conglycinin and glycinin under extreme conditions of pH and ionic strength and to investigate the effect of glycan chain length (i.e., dextrans with different molecular masses) on the thermal aggregation of soy protein by the Maillard conjugation.

We identified a new sex system in B. dilatatum, and make the first cytogenetic report on B. candidulum.”
“In femtosecond (fs) laser micromachining, such as microhole drilling, the hole created by previous laser pulses may act like a waveguide, whose sidewall may significantly affect the beam profile of subsequent laser pulses propagating into the hole. This effect is very important for both the fundamental study and the practical applications of fs laser JQ-EZ-05 micromachining, but has not been well studied in literature. The effect is investigated in this paper by numerically solving the transient Maxwell’s wave equation. The study reveals how microholes affect laser intensity

profile for different laser and hole parameters, and the implied effects on fs laser micromachining. AS1842856 in vitro The study has provided a good fundamental physical explanation for the elliptical hole shape obtained in

fs laser micromachining with linearly polarized laser beams. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3595671]“
“The electrical response of photosynthetic microbial cells (PMCs) containing Spirulina platensis was investigated to assess the feasibility of using these PMCs as instant-use and portable devices The PMCs were constructed without membranes mediators or any additive organic substrates Once S platensis was attached to an anode voltage was instantly obtained and ready for application Since no additional substrate was required as fuel for electricity generation these PMCs PF-02341066 research buy were different from typical microbial fuel cells PMCs were examined under various operating conditions and they performed under high open circuit voltage (OCV) with high power output in the dark short electrode spacing (2 cm) low pH value (5 5) and high temperature (40 degrees C) conditions According to Ohm s Law and the Nernst equation the superior OCV and power output were caused by high ionic strength low internal resistance and high temperature Additionally

two equal-sized PMCs were arranged in serial and parallel configurations The former yielded higher voltage while the latter yielded higher current density (C) 2010 Elsevier B V All rights reserved”
“We made a molecular study of 40 opossums, Didelphis albiventris, from an urban fragment of the Atlantic Rainforest in southeastern Brazil, analyzing a 653-bp sequence of cytochrome c oxidase, subunit I. We found three close connected haplotypes, with low nucleotide diversity and a haplotype diversity of 59.1% and confirmed sympatry between D. albiventris and D. aurita in this region. The clear phylogenetic separation shows the appropriateness of DNA barcode identification methodology for effectively discriminating between these opossum species.”
“We discuss a three-dimensional (3D) spin drift diffusion (SDD) model to inject spin from a ferromagnet (FM) to a normal metal (N) or semiconductor (SC).

The dual function of autophagy in tumorigenesis and the implications of autophagy modulation for cancer therapy are also discussed.”
“Aims: The utility of fenestrated-endovascular aneurysm repair (FEVAR) remains uncertain. This study examines the medium term outcomes of patients undergoing FEVAR for asymptomatic juxtarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA).

Methods: Consecutive patients undergoing elective FEVAR for juxtarenal AAA at a single tertiary centre were studied between October 2005 and March 2010. Patients were followed up for at least six-months within a protocol including clinical examination, laboratory studies,

CT and duplex imaging, and abdominal radiographs. Outcomes were assessed in terms of survival, target vessel patency Selleckchem AZD2014 and graft related complications.

Results: Twenty-nine patients were analysed on an intention to treat basis. There were 27 men and two women of median (range) age 74 (54-86) years. Mean (SD) aneurysm diameter was 68 (7) mm. Median (range) ASA score was 3 (2-4). No procedures required conversion to an open procedure, but one procedure was abandoned. Seventy-nine visceral vessels were perfused through a fabric fenestration

or scallop. All vessels remained patent at MAPK Inhibitor Library completion angiography. No patients died within 30-days of surgery. During follow up there were four (14%) deaths at a median (range) of 17 (8-21) months after aneurysm repair. None of these deaths Napabucasin JAK/STAT inhibitor were aneurysm related. Eighteen (62%) patients suffered one or more graft related complications, of whom 11 (38%) required one or more early or late reintervention.

Conclusions: Fenestrated aortic endografts can be utilized safely in the management of juxtarenal AAA in patients at high-risk for open surgery. However, the rate of graft related complication and reintervention is high at medium term follow up. (C) 2011 European Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: To evaluate the effect of anti-VEGF (bevacizumab) injection to the

posterior chamber (BIPC) behind the iris combined with seton implantation in treatment of neovascular glaucoma (NVG).

Methods: Twenty-eight eyes with NVG who underwent BIPC, prospectively evaluated. Anterior segment photographs were taken for grading of neovascularization on anterior segment in pretreatment period and at each follow-up. Grading and regression of rubeosis iridis was classified according to Teich and Walsh grading system and glaucoma filtration surgery with drainage device was performed following BIPC.

Results: The mean pre-BIPC IOP was 39.71 +/- 7.09 mmHg, post-BIPC IOP in the 1st, 2nd day, 1st week, 1st, 3rd, 6th month were 19.7 +/- 8.9 mmHg, 13.5 +/- 6.7 mmHg, 9.9 +/- 3.4 mmHg, 13.07 +/- 5.3 mmHg, 16.6 +/- 5.03 mmHg, 18.5 +/- 3.8 mmHg, respectively. Twenty seven eyes underwent seton implantation surgery.

The photocrosslinking property and photopolymerizing ability of the epoxy resin were studied in film and solution state using UV spectroscopy. The effect of photo acid generator and sensitizer on photosensitivity of the resin was also investigated. (C) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 111: 2340-2344, 2009″
“Glycation and oxidative GSK2879552 ic50 stress lead to formation of compounds

that have several biological effects and contribute to the development of the complications of diabetes mellitus. All steps of glycoxidation generate oxygen free radicals, some of them in common with lipid peroxidation pathways. Some oxidation or lipid peroxidation products may bind to proteins and amplify glycoxidation-generated lesions. The aim of this study was to measure glycation and lipid peroxidation parameters and examine the relationship between them in patients with https://www.selleckchem.com/products/wh-4-023.html type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) with (+DC) and without (-DC) diabetic complications.

Fifty patients with DM1 aged from 7-19 years and with duration of DM1 (DD) at least 5 years were included. Twenty-four patients were -DC and 26 were +DC. Twelve healthy children formed a control group. There were significantly higher values of fructosamine (FAM), HbA(1c), serum advanced glycation endproducts (s-AGEs) and lipid peroxides (LPO) in the +DC group compared with -DC, and significantly higher values of HbA(1c), FAM and LPO in both diabetic groups than in controls. The s-AGEs level in the -DC group was similar to that in controls. In the total diabetic group, regardless of DC, there was a significant negative correlation between LPO and HDL-C (r = -0.379; p <0.05), and a positive correlation between LPO and triacylglycerol (TAG) (r = 0.852; p << 0.05), FAM (r = 0.414; p <0.05) and s-AGEs (r = 0.454; p <0.05). In the +DC group LPO correlated negatively with HDL-C (r check details = -0.392, p <0.05) and positively with TAG (r = 0.848; p << 0.05), FAM (r = 0.457; p = 0.02), and s-AGEs (r = 0.516, p = 0.02), whereas in the -DC group LPO correlated only with HDL-C (r = -0.441;

p = 0.03) and TAG (r = 0.769; p << 0.05). We demonstrated a linkage between enhanced formation of AGEs and lipid peroxidation products and the presence of diabetic complications. Thus, the overproduction of glycation and lipid peroxidation products may take part in DC development as early as in childhood and adolescence.”
“Triple pelvic osteotomy (TPO) is one of the surgical procedures for use to try to reduce subsequent degenerative joint disease or modify the progress of hip dysplasia in young dogs. Joint force and pressure distribution were changed by this procedure. Therefore, the aim of this study was to find out whether the remodeling of proximal femur exists or not after TPO in dysplastic dogs. Ten femora from five young dysplastic mongrel dogs, treated unilaterally with TPO using 20 degrees canine pelvic osteotomy plates, were used.

Depending on the research protocol applied, fullerenols may also act as pro oxidants. The dualistic nature of fullerenols may contribute to finding new biomedical applications of these agents in the future, by exerting a cytotoxic or protective effect respectively against cancer cells or healthy cells. Because of the encapsulated structure of fullerenols, selleck chemicals there exists the possibility of their application in medical diagnostics in the transfer of contrast agents or in the drug

transport.

During the planning of an experiment designed to investigate the effects of radiation in combination with derivatives of water-soluble fullerenes, the possibility of appearance of the “”dose-response effect”" should be taken into consideration since it significantly contributes to one of the two possible effects: protection or sensitization. The same applies to the possibility of using these compounds as potential neuroprotectors. Fullerenol may protect neurons in the particular areas of the brain but in the definedcertain doses it may also induce cell death. A giant leap in the field of nanotechnology not only leads scientists to search for new applications

of nanomaterials MG132 such as fullerenols, but also raises the question about their harmful effect on the environment. High utilization of hardly biodegradable fullerenols increases the likelihood of their accidental release into natural systems and their bioaccumulation.

Despite convincing evidences about the potential applications of fullerenols in biomedicine, we still have insufficient knowledge about the mechanism of action of these molecules and their possible side effects.”
“OBJECTIVE: Higher-dose oxytocin is more effective than lower-dose regimens to prevent postpartum hemorrhage

after cesarean delivery. We compared two higher-dose regimens (80 units and 40 units) to our routine regimen (10 units) among women who delivered vaginally.

METHODS: In a double-masked randomized trial, oxytocin (80 units, 40 units, or 10 units) Dehydrogenase inhibitor was administered in 500 mL over 1 hour after placental delivery. The primary outcome was a composite of any treatment of uterine atony or hemorrhage. Prespecified secondary outcomes included outcomes in the primary composite and a decline of 6% or more in hematocrit. A sample size of 600 per group (N=1,800) was planned to compare each of the 80-unit and 40-unit groups to the 10-unit group. At planned interim review (n=1,201), enrollment in the 40-unit group was stopped for futility and enrollment continued in the other groups.

RESULTS: Of 2,869 women, 1,798 were randomized as follows: 658 to 80 units; 481 to 40 units; and 659 to 10 units. Most characteristics were similar across groups. The risk of the primary outcome in the 80-unit group (6%; relative risk [RR] 0.

The thermal degradation activation energy of the nanocomposites is determined via Coats-Redfern method. The improvement of thermal stability of nanocomposites is also confirmed by increasing the activation energies (E(a)) and the integral procedural

decomposition temperature. Criado method is finally used to determine the degradation reaction mechanism of various samples. The water uptake capacity of PS/organoclay nanocomposites is negligible when compared with pure PS. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 120: 1322-1336, 2011″
“Acetaldehyde is the terminal electron acceptor in the alcoholic fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Quantitatively the most important carbonyl by-product, it has relevance for ethanol production yields as well

as product stabilization and toxicology. The aim of this LY2090314 inhibitor study was to investigate the effect of various enological parameters on acetaldehyde kinetics during alcoholic JQ-EZ-05 chemical structure fermentations. Two commercial yeast strains were tested in two grape musts and the pH, temperature. SO(2) and nutrient addition were varied. All incubations had uniform kinetics where acetaldehyde reached an initial peak value followed by partial reutilization. Peak acetaldehyde concentrations and residual concentrations after 15 days of fermentations ranged from 62 to 119 mg l(-1) and 22 to 49 mg l(-1), respectively. A positive linear relationship was found between peak and final acetaldehyde levels in Gewurztraminer, but not Sauvignon Blanc fermentations, where sluggish fermentations were observed. Several factors had a significant effect on peak and/or final acetaldehyde levels. SO(2) addition, grape cultivar and fermentation nutrition were important regulators find more of peak acetaldehyde production, while final acetaldehyde concentrations were correlated with SO(2) addition, grape cultivar and temperature. The results allowed to estimate the acetaldehyde increase caused by SO(2) addition to 366 kg of acetaldehyde per mg of SO(2) added to the must. The course of the final fermentation phase was shown

to determine acetaldehyde residues. Comparison of acetaldehyde and hexose kinetics revealed a possible relationship between the time of occurrence of peak acetaldehyde concentrations and the divergence of glucose and fructose degradation rates. Published by Elsevier Ltd.”
“In the scenario of refractory status epilepticus, the recommended approach of intensive care treatment is limited with respect to the available pharmacodynamic variability and its impeding, severe side effects. Alternative treatment options are therefore urgently needed. In the case described, a patient with nonlesional frontal lobe epilepsy had a high-frequency series of tonic seizures, which evolved into a malignant form of status epilepticus. Co-administration of verapamil, a potent multidrug transporter inhibitor, was followed by significant reduction in seizure frequency.

The corresponding magnetic domain images revealed that nucleation interestingly occurred at any locations of a patterned element, which was attributed to the observed defects. Moreover, micromagnetic modeling JQEZ5 purchase was utilized to further quantitatively study influences of an anisotropically soft region (which can represent existing defects) in the patterned element on nucleation field in terms of exchange coupling strength. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3558986]“
“Aim:

To investigate the role of endothelial cell damage in radiation-induced lung injury.

Methods: A total of 60 male Sprague-Dawley rats were irradiated to the right hemithorax with a single dose of 0, 7.0 or 14.4 Gy. Serial studies were performed before and at 1, 7, 30 and 90 days after radiation, respectively. Pathological studies were carried out to detect changes in the lung after irradiation. Western blot studies were conducted to detect the expression of CD34 and of CD105 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).

Results: Compared to controls,

the irradiated rat lung showed a dose-dependent and time-dependent decrease in the expression of CD34. The level of CD105 was significantly reduced by irradiation except at 90 days after radiation. The expression of VEGF increased 1 day after radiation, and then decreased from day 30 onwards, to be lower than the control group at 90 days. Pulmonary fibrosis was observed at 90 days after 14.4 Gy exposure; however, most of these phenomena were not observed in the 7.0 Gy group.

Conclusion: These results support the notion that endothelial cells play an important role Pitavastatin clinical trial in radiation-induced lung injury, and may be critical to breakdown of the blood-alveolus barrier and microcirculation dysfunction related to radiation-induced inflammation and fibrosis.”
“Objectives: To determine the frequency of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection

in infants born to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected mothers and assess risk factors that may facilitate intrauterine transmission of CMV, including the role of perinatal HIV infection.

Methods: Retrospective cohort study of infants Trichostatin A who were born to HIV-infected mothers at Parkland Memorial Hospital and screened for congenital CMV infection according to a standard nursery protocol between February 1, 1997 and May 31, 2005.

Results: During the 8-year study period that included 125,781 live births, there were 367 infants (0.3%) born to 303 HIV-infected mothers. Of 333 HIV-exposed infants who were screened for CMV, 10 (3%) had congenital CMV infection and 6 (60%) of these were identified only because of the CMV screening protocol. Four (1%) infants were infected with HIV, and none of these was CMV-infected. Compared with CMV-uninfected infants, CMV-infected, HIV-exposed newborns had lower mean birth weight (2508 versus 3148 g, P < 0.