(C) 2013 Elsevier B V All rights reserved “
“This study eva

(C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“This study evaluated rickettsial infection in 701 Ctenocephalides fells felis fleas that were collected from dogs and cats in 31 municipalities, encompassing all regions and major biomes of Brazil. A total of 268

(38.2%) fleas from 30 municipalities were polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive for the rickettsial gltA gene. The PCR products from 44 fleas, consisting of at least 1 PCR-positive flea from each of 30 municipalities, generated DNA sequences identical to Rickettsia felis. Rickettsial prevalence was highly variable among 30 municipalities, with values ranging from 2.9% to 100%. Significantly higher infection rates by R. felis were associated with the Pampa biome (southern Brazil), and

the temperate climate ALK inhibitor that prevails in southern Brazil. In contrast, lowest R. felis-infection rates were significantly associated with the Caatinga biome, and its semiarid climate. Further studies should evaluate the effect of temperature and moisture on the R. felis infection in Ctenocephalides fleas world widely.”
“With its emphasis on task shifting and multi-trained and skilled outreach teams the primary healthcare (PHC) re-engineering strategy in South Africa depends on the training, selleck kinase inhibitor knowledge and attitudes of community health workers (CHWs) to provide a variety of TB/HIV services. 3-MA in vitro The aim of this exploratory research was to assess TB/HIV-related training, knowledge and attitudes of CHWs. Interviews were conducted with 206 CHWs at 28 clinics in 1 urban and 2 rural sub-districts in the Free State province. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed using chi-square,

Kruskal-Wallis (H) and Mann-Whitney (U) tests for non-parametric data. More than half (54.9%) had not received basic training in HIV counselling and testing; almost one-third (31.1%) had not received basic training in TB/directly observed treatment (DOT) support. Furthermore, most CHWs had not received any follow-up training in HIV counselling and testing and in TB/DOT support. Significant associations (0.01 smaller than p smaller than 0.05) between the types of CHWs and their sub-district location, and their TB/HIV-related training, knowledge and attitudes were observed. In respect of the TB/HIV knowledge items assessed, a large majority ( bigger than 95%) were knowledgeable, with only a few being ignorant about important facts related to TB/HIV. Lay counsellors were significantly more knowledgeable about TB/HIV than TB/DOT supporters and other CHWs were. Most CHWs disagreed with stigmatising statements about people with TB/HIV. The sub-district location of CHWs was significantly associated with their attitudes towards people with TB/HIV. CHWs in the two rural sub-districts were more likely to agree with stigmatising statements.

Results Treating carcinoid cells with MG-132 resulted in gro

\n\nResults. Treating carcinoid cells with MG-132 resulted in growth inhibition, a dose-dependent inhibition of CgA and ASCL1, as well as an increase in the levels of cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase-3. Additionally, an increase in the level of phosphorylated GSK-3 beta was observed.\n\nConclusion. MG-132 inhibits cellular growth and the neuroendocrine phenotype. This proteasome inhibitor warrants further preclinical investigation as a possible therapeutic strategy for

intractable Cl-amidine nmr carcinoid disease. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“interstitial flow in and around tumor tissue affects the mechanical microenvironment to modulate tumor cell growth and metastasis. We investigated the roles of flow-induced GDC-0068 research buy shear stress in modulating cell cycle distribution in four tumor cell lines and the underlying mechanisms. In all four cell lines, incubation under static conditions

for 24 or 48 h led to G(0)/G(1) arrest; in contrast, shear stress (12 dyneS/cm(2)) induced G(2)/M arrest. The molecular basis of the shear effect was analyzed, and the presentation on molecular mechanism is focused on human MG63 osteosarcoma cells. Shear stress induced increased expressions of cyclin 11311 and p21(CIP1) and decreased expressions of cyclins A, D1, and E, cyclin-dependent protein kinases (Cdk)-1, -2, -4, and -6, and p27(KIP1) as well as a decrease in Cdk1 activity. Using specific antibodies and small interfering RNA, we found that the shear-induced G2/M arrest and corresponding changes in G2/M regulatory protein expression and activity were mediated by alpha(v)beta(3) and beta(1), integrins through bone morphogenetic protein receptor type IA-specific Smad1 and Smad5. Shear stress also down-regulated runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) VS-4718 cell line binding activity and osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase expressions in MG63 cells; these responses were mediated by alpha(v)beta(3) and beta(1), integrins through Smad5. Our findings provide insights into the mechanism by which shear stress induces G(2)/M arrest in tumor cells and inhibits cell differentiation

and demonstrate the importance of mechanical microenvironment in modulating molecular signaling, gene expression, cell cycle, and functions in tumor cells.”
“Objective To compare dorsal and ventral dartos flap outcomes for tubularized incised-plate urethroplasty (TIPU) in terms of success, complication rates and cosmetic appearance in adult circumcised hypospadic men.\n\nMethods Forty-two circumcised adult men underwent primary distal or midpenile hypospadias repair for cosmetic reasons by a single surgeon in a prospective randomized trial. Twenty-two patients were randomly selected for TIPU repair with dorsal (Group1, mean age 22.3 years) dartos flap as second layer. Twenty patients were randomly selected for TIPU repair with ventral dartos flap (Group2, mean age 21.1 years).

Here, the apc5(CA) mutant background is used to study a previousl

Here, the apc5(CA) mutant background is used to study a previously uncharacterized functional antagonistic genetic interaction between Gcn5 and Hda1 that is not detected in APC5 cells.\n\nResults: Using Northerns, Westerns, reverse transcriptase PCR (rtPCR), chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and mutant phenotype suppression analysis, we observed that Hda1 and Gcn5 appear to compete for recruitment to promoters. We observed that the presence of Hda1 can partially occlude the binding of Gcn5 to the same promoter. Occlusion of Gcn5 recruitment to these promoters involved Hda1 and Tup1. Using AZD1208 mouse sequential ChIP we show that Hda1 and Tup1 likely form complexes at these promoters,

and that complex formation can be increased by deleting GCN5.\n\nConclusions: Our data suggests large Gcn5 and Hda1 containing complexes may compete for space on promoters that utilize the Ssn6/Tup1 repressor complex. We predict that in apc5(CA) cells the accumulation check details of an APC target may compensate for the loss of both GCN5 and HDA1.”
“Fatigue crack initiation in ductile alloys like austenitic stainless steels is mainly due to the occurrence of localized deformation in persistent slip bands (PSB). The presence of PSB is classically related to the orientation of the surface grains. In fact, the local fields in a grain does not depend on the local orientation only. The aim of the present paper is to investigate the consequences

of this observation, and to propose an analysis, where the neighborhood of the grain also plays a significant role. The study is made on a 316 stainless steel. Finite element computations using a crystal plasticity model are performed to simulate an aggregate submitted to a cyclic tension compression loading. Various configurations

of grain orientations (“clusters”) are studied at the free surface of the aggregate. A statistical click here analysis of the results is carried out to extract significant information concerning the local strain and stress fields, including the most critical arrangements of grain orientations. The introduction of local fields in classical fatigue life prediction models provides an explanation of the experimental scatter. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The environmental contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) produces marked suppression of the primary humoral immune response in virtually every animal species evaluated thus far. In addition, epidemiological studies performed in areas of dioxin contamination have identified an association between TCDD exposure and an increased incidence of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). Recent studies using an in vitro CD40 ligand model of human B cell differentiation have shown that TCDD impairs both B cell activation and differentiation. The present study extends these findings by identifying B cell lymphoma-6 [BCL-6] as a putative cellular target for deregulation by TCDD, which may contribute to suppression of B cell function as well as NHL.

The kisspeptin level of the ICPP group prior to treatment (1 80 +

The kisspeptin level of the ICPP group prior to treatment (1.80 +/- 0.13 ng/ml) was significantly higher than those of the other two groups. The kisspeptin level of the ICPP group after 6 months of treatment (1.49 +/- 0.21 ng/ml) was significantly lower than that prior to treatment (P smaller than 0.05). It may be concluded that the plasma level of kisspeptin is associated with the initiation of pubertal development, and it may serve selleck kinase inhibitor as an important parameter in the diagnosis of ICPP and the evaluation of therapeutic effects.”
“Autosomal-dominant sensorineural hearing loss

is genetically heterogeneous, with a phenotype closely resembling presbycusis, the most common sensory defect associated with aging in humans. We have identified SLC17A8, which encodes the vesicular glutamate transporter-3 (VGLUT3), as the gene responsible for DFNA25, an autosomal-dominant form of progressive,

Repotrectinib mouse high-frequency nonsyndromic deafness. In two unrelated families, a heterozygous missense mutation, c.632C -> T (p.A211V), was found to segregate with DFNA25 deafness and was not present in 267 controls. Linkage-disequilibrium analysis suggested that the families have a distant common ancestor. The A211 residue is conserved in VGLUT3 across species and in all human VGLUT subtypes (VGLUT1-3), suggesting an important functional role. In the cochlea, VGLUT3 accumulates glutamate in the synaptic vesicles of the sensory inner hair cells (IHCs) before releasing it onto receptors of auditory-nerve terminals. Null mice with a targeted deletion of Slc17a8 exon 2 lacked Selleck Fedratinib auditory-nerve responses to acoustic stimuli, although auditory brainstem responses could be elicited by electrical stimuli, and robust otoacoustic emissions were recorded. Ca2+-triggered synaptic-vesicle turnover was normal in IHCs of Slc17a8 null mice when probed by membrane capacitance measurements at 2 weeks of age. Later, the number of afferent synapses, spiral ganglion neurons, and lateral efferent endings below sensory IHCs declined. Ribbon synapses remaining

by 3 months of age had a normal ultrastructural appearance. We conclude that deafness in Slc17a8-deficient mice is due to a specific defect of vesicular glutamate uptake and release and that VGLUT3 is essential for auditory coding at the IHC synapse.”
“A series of bifunctional DNA interstrand cross-linking agents, bis(hydroxymethyl)- and bis(carbamates)-8H-3a-azacyclopenta[a]indene-1-yl derivatives were synthesized for antitumor evaluation. The preliminary antitumor studies revealed that these agents exhibited potent cytotoxicity in vitro and antitumor therapeutic efficacy against human tumor xenografts in vivo. Furthermore, these derivatives have little or no cross-resistance to either Taxol or Vinblastine.

Conclusion: ApoE4(1-272) fragment expressed in Neuro2a cells

\n\nConclusion: ApoE4(1-272) fragment expressed in Neuro2a cells is 10058-F4 associated with mitochondrial proteins, UQCRC2 and cytochrome C1,

which are component of respiratory complex III, and with COX IV 1, which is a member of complex IV. Overexpression of apoE4(1-272) fragment impairs activities of complex III and IV. These results suggest that the C-terminal-truncated fragment of apoE4 binds to mitochondrial complexes and affects their activities, and thereby leading to neurodegeneration.”
“The purpose of this prospective study was to assess the Constant score and radiographic outcome in 66 patients (mean age 58.7 years/mean follow-up 51 months) with a minimally displaced and/or impacted fracture of the proximal humerus treated with early mobilization.\n\nSpecial attention was paid to analyze the specific intrinsic parameters (age, gender, ASA grade and length of physiotherapy), injury-related parameters (classification, osteoporosis)

URMC-099 supplier and therapy-related parameters (initial fracture displacement, residual bony-deformity after healing, secondary fracture displacement during healing period, non-union, humeral head necrosis and omarthrosis) that may influence the final score.\n\nThere were 31 A (47%), 22 B (33%) and 13 C-fractures (19%). The median Constant score for the fractured shoulder was 89 points.\n\nAll fractures healed without non-union. The radiological assessment showed in 80% a fracture-displacement with < 15A degrees angulation and/or <

5-mm displacement of the greater tuberosity. At time of follow-up, the residual bony-deformity was perfect and good in 88% of cases. There was a significant association between the final Constant score and the age, ASA classification, AO (ABC) classification and initial fracture displacement.\n\nEarly physiotherapy, with a short period of immobilization is a sufficient therapy for management of minimally displaced and/or impacted fractures of the proximal humerus.”
“Transfusion-related Selleck Epacadostat acute lung injury (TRALI) constitutes a life threatening complication of blood transfusion. In severe TRALI cases supportive care with mechanical ventilation in intensive care unit is needed. We present two severe TRALI cases caused by leukocyte depleted, ABO compatible, packed red blood cell transfusions, coming from multiparous women donors. In the first case diagnosis was based on clinical findings and established by the identification of leukocyte antibodies in donor’s unit and recipient’s serum and she deal with invasive mechanical ventilation. In the second case, diagnosis was based on clinical criteria and chest radiograph findings and non-invasive mechanical ventilation was used. Both cases were treated in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit and they had a favorable outcome.

Monozygotic twin correlations for cerebellar activation were gene

Monozygotic twin correlations for cerebellar activation were generally much larger than dizygotic twin correlations, consistent with genetic influences. Structural

equation models showed that up to 65% of the variance in cerebellar activation during working memory is genetic (averaging 34% across significant voxels), most prominently in the lobules VI, and VIIa Crus 1, with the remaining variance explained by unique/unshared environmental factors. Heritability estimates for brain activation in the cerebellum agree with those found for working memory activation in the cerebral selleck compound cortex, even though cerebellar cyto-architecture differs substantially. Phenotypic correlations between BOLD percent signal change in cerebrum and cerebellum were low, and bivariate modeling indicated that genetic influences on the cerebellum are at least partly specific to the cerebellum. Activation on the voxel-level correlated very weakly with cerebellar gray matter volume, suggesting specific genetic influences on the BOLD signal. Heritable signals identified here should facilitate discovery of generic polymorphisms influencing cerebellar function through genome-wide association

studies, to elucidate the genetic liability to brain disorders affecting the cerebellum. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Graft stenosis is among the most serious post-surgical complications that can occur after tracheal transplantation. Typically, stenosis is caused selleck chemical by resorption of tracheal cartilage. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is efficient at stimulating bone or

cartilage regeneration. In this study, BMP-2 is tested for its effects on stimulation of cartilage regeneration in tracheal transplantation.\n\nMethods: For tracheal autotransplantation, 24 mongrel dogs were divided equally into four groups and BMP-2 was injected between the cartilage rings at doses of 1, 3, 5 or 7 mg. For tracheal allotransplantation, 12 mongrel dogs were divided equally into two groups. One group received EPZ5676 chemical structure 5 mg of BMP-2 per graft, and the other received collagen only as a control. The grafts were harvested after 4 weeks and subjected to pathologic analysis. The diameter of the graft lumen and areas of new cartilage regeneration were measured.\n\nResults: Regenerated cartilage areas were found in both the injected area and around the perichondrium. The areas of regenerated cartilage, as well as the diameter of the tracheal lumen, increased significantly with increasing concentrations of BMP-2. Five milligrams per milliliter was the most effective dose of BMP-2 in this study.\n\nConclusions: BMP-2 can significantly stimulate cartilage regeneration in tracheal grafts and also can be used to prevent stenosis after tracheal transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009;28:285-9.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of T(1)AM

\n\nThe aim of this study was to determine the effects of T(1)AM on food intake in rodents.\n\nWe

determined the effect of (i) intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of T(1)AM on food intake, oxygen consumption (VO(2)) and locomotor activity in mice; (ii) intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of T(1)AM on food intake in male rats; (iii) c-fos expression following ventricular administration of T(1)AM in male rats; SBE-β-CD and (iv) direct injection of T(1)AM into the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of male rats on food intake.\n\n(i) T(1)AM (4 nmol/kg) significantly increased food intake following i.p. injection in mice but had no effect on VO(2) or locomotor activity. (ii) ICV administration of T(1)AM (1.2 nmol/kg) significantly increased food intake in male rats. (iii) Intraventricular administration of T(1)AM significantly increased c-fos expression in the ARC of male rats. (iv) Direct administration of T(1)AM (0.12, 0.4 and 1.2 nmol/kg) into the ARC of male rats significantly

increased food intake.\n\nThese data suggest that T(1)AM is an orexigenic factor that may act through the ARC to increase food intake in rodents.”
“Background: Thuja orientalis has been traditionally used to treat patients who suffer from baldness and hair loss in East Asia. The present study sought to investigate the hair growth-promoting activity of T. orientalis hot water extract and the underlying mechanism of action.\n\nMethods: After T. orientalis extract was topically applied to the shaved dorsal skin of telogenic C57BL/6 Selleck Z-DEVD-FMK N mice, the histomorphometric analysis was employed to study induction of the hair follicle cycle. To determine the effect of T. orientalis extract on the telogen to anagen transition, the protein expression levels of beta-catenin and Sonic hedgehog (Shh) in hair follicles were determined by immunohistochemistry.\n\nResults: We observed that T. orientalis extract promoted hair growth by inducing the anagen phase in telogenic C57BL/6 N mice. Specifically, the histomorphometric analysis data indicates

that topical application of T. orientalis extract induced an earlier anagen phase and prolonged the mature anagen phase, in contrast to AS1842856 datasheet either the control or 1% minoxidil-treated group. We also observed increases in both the number and size of hair follicles of the T. orientalis extract-treated group. Moreover, the immunohistochemical analysis reveals earlier induction of beta-catenin and Shh proteins in hair follicles of the T. orientalis extract-treated group, compared to the control or 1% minoxidil-treated group.\n\nConclusion: These results suggest that T. orientalis extract promotes hair growth by inducing the anagen phase in resting hair follicles and might therefore be a potential hair growth-promoting agent.

Relationships of Stenosternus with other orphnine taxa

Relationships of Stenosternus with other orphnine taxa Cediranib supplier and possible ways of origin of Sao Tomean orphnine fauna are discussed.”
“Three years ago, the Lancet’s frontispiece stated “Health is now the most important foreign policy issue of our time” and last year, the Director-General of WHO, Margaret Chan, in her opening address, to the Executive Board at its 132nd Session said “health diplomacy works”. The nascent field of health

diplomacy provides a political framework which aims to deliver the dual goals of improved health in target populations and enhanced governmental relations between collaborating countries. Any government that offered tangible health improvement as a component of aid to a nation with whom they wished to develop stronger diplomatic links would have an advantage in developing a deeper relationship with its citizens. Here we suggest several different mechanisms through which such links could be developed or enhanced, including: provision of relevant health solutions, applied research, cultural

alignment and the development of collaborative networks. The Islamic tradition promotes the practice of medicine as a Cyclosporin A service to humanity. Physical and spiritual wellbeing are intimately related in popular Muslim consciousness. Thoughtful Health Diplomacy therefore has the potential to bridge the perceived divides between Western and predominantly Muslim nations.”
“In spite of the success of the mumps vaccination, recent mumps outbreaks have been reported even among individuals with a history of mumps vaccination. For a better understanding of why the vaccination failed in cases of vaccinees who fell ill during recent mumps outbreaks, the immunological events during infection and/or vaccination should be better defined.

In the work presented here we sought to identify new neutralization sites on the mumps virus surface glycoproteins. By using anti-mumps mAbs, three amino acid positions at residues 5-Fluoracil nmr 221, 323 and 373 in the F protein of mumps virus were shown to be located in at least two conformational neutralization epitopes. mAbs that specifically target these sites effectively neutralized mumps virus in vitro. The newly acquired glycosylation site at position 373 or loss of the existing one at position 323 was identified as the mechanism behind the escape from the specific mAbs. Based on the findings of this study, we suggest that the influence of the antigenic structure of the F protein-should not be ignored in a thorough investigation of the underlying mechanism of the mumps vaccine failure or when making a strategy for development of a new vaccine.”
“A method to rapidly measure dopamine (DA), dihydroxyindolphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid, serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has not yet been reported. A rapid, sensitive, and specific HPLC method was therefore developed using electrochemical detection.

All study groups increased PA to bigger than = 3 times: 26% of m

All study groups increased PA to bigger than = 3 times: 26% of men in the exercise intervention group, 15% of men in the health check group, and 16% of controls. The differences between the groups were not statistically significant. The intervention did not have any meaningful impact on MetS or other cardiovascular outcomes at one-year follow up. Conclusions. Physical activity increased in all study groups of middle-aged men in this health-promotion trial. The interventions had no effect on metabolic syndrome or other cardiovascular outcomes in the participants. The trial increased awareness and collaboration in physical

activity promotion among municipal health care and selleckchem exercise services.”
“We examined a consecutive series of 29 patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms MLN4924 (MPNs) associated with splanchnic vein thrombosis (SVT) in order to evaluate their bone marrow morphology and identify

possible associations between histological findings and clinical features. Eleven patients showed the morphological features of polycythemia vera (PV), 11 of primary myelofibrosis (PMF) and six of essential thrombocythemia (ET). Molecular analyses identified the JAK2 V617F mutation in 27 patients; one of the JAK2-negative patients carried the MAL W515 K mutation, the other was “triple-negative” (no JAK2, MAL or CALR mutation). On the basis of the WHO classification, three patients were classified as having PV, 11 as having PMF, and two as having ET; the remaining 13 cases fell into the MPN-unclassifiable category as there were discrepancies between their morphological and clinical features. In conclusion, our findings suggest that bone marrow histology should always be considered a key component of the diagnostic algorithm in patients with SVT, but that it is not enough to distinguish the different entities. This is particularly important because diagnoses of PV, PMF or ET have very different prognoses and obviously imply different therapies. It is therefore necessary to adopt a comprehensive approach that considers morphological, clinical and molecular data. (C) 2015 Elsevier

Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“This paper investigates how childhood socio-economic position influences the risk for midlife depressive and anxiety disorders at 45 years of age, Selleckchem Buparlisib assessed by the Clinical interview Schedule in 9377 participants of the 1958 British Birth Cohort. Socio-economic position was measured by Registrar General Social Class in childhood and adulthood. The association of paternal manual socio-economic position with any diagnosis at 45 years of age was accounted for after adjustment for adult socio-economic position. manual socio-economic position in women at 42 years of age was associated with midlife depressive disorder and any diagnosis; these associations were diminished by adjustment for childhood psychological disorders.

However, in women aged at least 65 years with low BMD, the observ

However, in women aged at least 65 years with low BMD, the observed incidence of fractures was substantially higher than the predicted probability. (C) 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.”
“OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine whether haptoglobin (Hp)

phenotype is related to preeclampsia risk, or to plasma concentrations of soluble endoglin (sEng), soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1), and placental buy Ruboxistaurin growth factor (PlGF).\n\nSTUDY DESIGN: Hp phenotype was retrospectively determined in primiparous women with uncomplicated pregnancies (n = 309), gestational hypertension (n = 215), and preeclampsia (n = 249). Phenotype was assessed by peroxidase staining following native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of hemoglobin-supplemented serum.\n\nRESULTS: Compared with Hp 1-1, Hp 2-1 was associated with a significantly increased risk of preeclampsia (odds ratio, NSC-23766 2.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.07-4.18) and term preeclampsia (odds ratio, 2.45; 95% confidence interval, 1.07-5.83) in Caucasian women. Hp phenotype was not associated with preeclampsia risk in African Americans. Preeclamptic women had higher plasma sEng and sFlt-1, and lower PlGF, than control subjects. sEng,

sFlt-1, and PlGF did not differ among women of different Hp phenotypes.\n\nCONCLUSION: Hp 2-1 is associated with higher preeclampsia risk in primiparous Caucasian women.”
“Real-world vehicle fuel use and emission rates depend on engine load, which is quantified in terms of Vehicle Specific Power (VSP). VSP depends on vehicle speed, acceleration, and road grade. There is not a standard method for measuring road grade from a moving vehicle. A method for quantifying grade is evaluated

based on statistical analysis of multiple runs using low cost consumer grade Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers with in-built Barometric Altimeter (GPS/BA). The average grade precision is +/- 0.71, +/- 0.46, and +/- 0.31 percentage points, for sample sizes of 9, 18, and 36 GPS/BA runs, respectively, among 2213 individual 0.08 km road segments. In addition, 4 sets of repeated www.selleckchem.com/products/dinaciclib-sch727965.html measurements were performed on the same routes using a high cost, high accuracy Differential GPS (DGPS). Both sets of GPS-based grade estimates compared well with those derived from Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) data. GPS/BA and DGPS grade estimates were similar, except for high magnitude grades of 8-10 percent for which DGPS estimates are more accurate. DGPS is more sensitive to loss of signal; thus, a hybrid approach for substituting GPS/BA data for missing DGPS data at specific locations along a route is demonstrated. The local and overall effects of road grade on fuel use and emission rates are investigated for an example light duty gasoline vehicle. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.