(c) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All BYL719 rights reserved.”
“Histone deacetylases (Hdacs) remove acetyl groups (CH3CO-) from e-amino groups in lysine residues within histones and other proteins. This posttranslational (de) modification alters protein stability, protein-protein

interactions, and chromatin structure. Hdac activity plays important roles in the development of all organs and tissues, including the mineralized skeleton. Bone is a dynamic tissue that forms and regenerates by two processes: endochondral and intramembranous ossification. Chondrocytes and osteoblasts are responsible for producing the extracellular matrices of skeletal tissues. Several Hdacs contribute to the molecular pathways and chromatin changes that regulate tissue-specific gene expression during chondrocyte and osteoblast specification, maturation, and terminal differentiation. In this review, we summarize the roles of class I and class II dacs in chondrocytes and osteoblasts. The effects of small molecule Hdac inhibitors on the skeleton are also discussed.”
“Despite its function in sex determination

and its role in driving genome evolution, the Y chromosome remains poorly understood in most species. Y chromosomes are gene-poor, repeat-rich and largely heterochromatic Stem Cell Compound Library concentration and therefore represent a difficult target for genetic engineering. The Y chromosome of the human malaria vector Anopheles gambiae appears to be involved in sex determination although very little is known about both its structure and function. Here, we characterize a transgenic strain of this mosquito species, obtained by transposon-mediated integration of BMS-777607 manufacturer a transgene construct onto the Y chromosome. Using meganuclease-induced homologous repair we introduce a site-specific recombination signal onto the Y chromosome and show that the resulting docking line can be used for secondary integration. To demonstrate its utility, we study the activity of a germ-line-specific promoter when located on the Y chromosome. We also show that Y-linked fluorescent transgenes allow automated sex separation

of this important vector species, providing the means to generate large single-sex populations. Our findings will aid studies of sex chromosome function and enable the development of male-exclusive genetic traits for vector control.”
“Purpose of review Cardiac transplantation has been the therapy for advanced heart failure that is associated with the best and most durable outcomes. This has been a result of improvements in immunosuppression, specifically the widespread adoption of more potent immunosuppressive agents such as tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil in place of cyclosporine and azathioprine and more protocol-driven immunosuppressive regimens which minimize both rejection and complications of immunosuppression such as infections and nephrotoxicity. The rejection rates have fallen over the past 2 decades as posttransplant survival has improved.

Short-term (15 min) samples to study peak exposure

were also included in the monitoring program. Diffusive samplers selleckchem were used for monitoring, and analyzed by thermal desorption and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The effect on exposure of different types of scavenging systems was studied by mixed model analysis.\n\nResults The 8-h TWA (n = 36) nitrous oxide concentrations varied between 2.5 and 260 mg/m(3), and the geometric means for all the 8-h TWAs was 17 mg/m(3) for the midwives and 42 mg/m(3) for the assistant midwives. Around 25% of all the 8-h TWAs exceeded the American Conference of Industrial Hygienists’ (ACGIH) threshold limit value (TLV-TWA) of 90 mg/m(3) (50 ppm). For the short-term samples (n = 29) the nitrous oxide levels varied between 19 and 4,200 mg/m(3), and 14% exceeded the Swedish occupational exposure ceiling limit value of 900 mg/m(3). The 8-h TWAs were four times higher when the non-ventilated and ventilated simple masks were compared to the double mask (P = 0.02). This trend, although not statistically significant, was also seen for the short-term Small molecule library nmr samples.\n\nConclusion A diffusive sampling method and a GC-MS analytical technique was used for long- and short-term sampling of nitrous oxide. A large number of TWAs exceeded the ACGIH-TLV. Mask connected to scavenging

systems significantly reduced the exposures. Furthermore, using a forced general air ventilation system in addition to improved work and delivery routines for the staff and the mother-to-be substantially improved the air quality in the delivery Selleck Belnacasan suites.”
“The transcription factor Snail is an important repressor of E-cadherin gene expression. It plays a key role in the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, an essential process important not only in embryonic development and tumor progression but also in organ fibrogenesis. We studied the expression of Snail by immunohistochemistry, along with several epithelial phenotypic changes suggestive of epithelial-mesenchymal

transition, in 14 patients with multiple myeloma cast nephropathy. This nephropathy is characterized by a rapid progression toward fibrosis. As controls, we used normal kidneys and kidneys from patients displaying an idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, a syndrome unassociated with renal fibrosis. We discovered that, in all patients with multiple myeloma nephropathy, a drastic accumulation of Snail is seen in the nuclei from tubular epithelial cells showing epithelial phenotypic changes. In contrast, normal and idiopathic nephrotic syndrome kidneys did not exhibit either of these markers. Snail, a major player in the process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, is highly expressed by tubular epithelial cells during multiple myeloma nephropathy.

Lungs and adrenals were removed, weighed and

analyzed by morphometry. Ovalbumin-exposed animals submitted to repeated stress had a reduction in mucociliary transport, and an increase on serum cortisol, adrenals weight, mucus wettability and adhesivity, positive acid mucus area and IL-4 positive cells in airway compared to non-stressed ovalbumin-exposed animals (p < 0.05). There were no effects on eosinophilic recruitment and IL-13 positive cells. Repeated stress reduces mucociliary clearance due to mucus theological-property alterations, increasing acid mucus and its wettability and adhesivity. These effects seem to be associated with IL-4 activation. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Studies have suggested that aluminum, a neurotoxic metal, is involved in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Previous selleck compound studies have confirmed that aluminum influences intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis.

However, it remains unclear whether aluminum increases or decreases intracellular Ca2+ concentrations. The present study demonstrated that Al3+ competitively binds to calmodulin (CaM), together with Ca2+, which resulted in loss of capacity of CaM to bind to Ca2+, leading to increased [Ca2+](i). Al3+ stimulated voltage-gated calcium channels on cell membranes, which allowed a small quantity of Ca2+ into the cells. Al3+ also promoted calcium release from organelles by stimulating AZD6094 chemical structure L-Ca2+alpha(1c) to trigger calcium-induced calcium release. Although Al3+ upregulated expression of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger mRNA, increased levels of Ca2+ and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger did not maintain a normal Ca2+ balance. Al3+ resulted in disordered intracellular calcium homeostasis by affecting calcium channels, calcium buffering, and calcium expulsion.”
“Distinct forms of

MEF2 transcription factor act as positive or negative regulators of dendritic spine formation, with MEF2C playing a key regulator role in synapse plasticity. We report here that acute cocaine treatment of rats induced the expression of MEF2C in the striatum through a recently discovered transduction pathway. Repeated injections were found to induce MEF2C to a lesser extent. The mechanism GS-7977 supplier by which MEF2C was induced involves the subsequent activation of the salt-inducible kinase SIK1 and the phosphorylation of HDAC5, a member of the class IIa of HDACs. Cocaine activated SIK1 by phosphorylation on Thr-182 residue, which was accompanied by the nuclear import of the kinase. In the nuclear compartment, SIK1 then phosphorylated HDAC5 causing the shuttling of its phospho-form from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of striatal cells. Activation of SIK1 by cocaine was further validated by the phosphorylation of TORC1/3, which was followed by the shuttling of TORC proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Activation of MEF2C was assessed by measuring the expression of the MEF2C gene itself, since the gene is known to be under the control of its own product.

Importantly, in addition

to its potential use as a screening tool, our experimental setup offers the possibility to provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of bait-prey interaction. Recruitment of the EGFR together with Grb2 to clathrin coated pits (CCPs) was found to be a key feature in our assay. Application of bleaching experiments enabled calculation of the Grb2 exchange rate, which significantly changed upon stimulation or the presence of EGFR activity inhibiting drugs.”
“Co-digestion of pig manure (PM1) with Torin 1 supplier fish (FW2) and biodiesel waste (BW3) was evaluated and compared with sole PM digestion. Results indicated that co-digestion of PM with FW and/or BW is possible as long as ammonium and volatile fatty acids remained under inhibitory levels by adjusting the operating conditions, such as feed composition, organic loading rate (OLR) and hydraulic retention time (HRT). PM and FW co-digestion (90:10 and 95:5, w/w(4)) was possible PF-03084014 nmr at OLR of 1-1.5 g COD/L d, resulting in biogas production rates of 0.4-0.6 L/L d and COD removal efficiencies of 65-70%. Regarding BW, good results (biogas production of 0.9 L/L d and COD elimination of 85%) were achieved with less than 5% feeding rate. Overall, operating at the same OLR, the biogas production and methane content in the co-digester was higher than in the only PM digester.

(C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objectives: We evaluated the frequencies and clinical consequences of mutations in the genes encoding cationic trypsinogen, serine protease 1 (PRSS1),

and serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) in children with acute recurrent pancreatitis (ARP) and chronic pancreatitis (CP).\n\nPatients and Methods: The study population consisted of 32 children with ARP or CP and 28 healthy controls. We analyzed clinical data and the sequences of the entire coding region and the intron-exon boundaries of the PRSS1 and SPINK1 genes from each patient.\n\nResults: Fifteen (46.9%) of the 32 patients had at least 1 PRSS1 or SPINK1 mutation. Four (12.5%) of the 32 patients carried the p.N29I, p.R122H, or p.N29T mutation or a p.G208A variant of MLN2238 ic50 the PRSS1 gene in a heterozygote state. Eleven (34.4%) of the 32 patients carried either the IVS3+2T>C or p.N34S mutation of the SPINK1 gene. No PRSS1 or SPINK1 mutations were identified in the control group. In particular, mutations were identified in 4 of our patients who experienced pancreas divisum with CP, whereas the remaining 2 patients with pancreas divisum and ARP did not have mutation.\n\nConclusions: The frequencies of the PRSS1 and SPINK1 mutations are relatively high in Korean children with ARP or CP. Mutations in the PRSS1 and SPINK1 genes are highly associated with the development of childhood ARP or CP.

The coefficient of determination (R-2) for Logistic,

Brody, Gompertz and Richards models were found as AR-13324 inhibitor 0.96, 0.92, 0.96 and 0.98 for female calves and 0.94, 0.93, 0.95 and 0.97 for male calves, respectively. And mean squared errors (MSE) were found as 682.32, 703.51, 548.66 and 498.63 for females and 637.48, 688.32, 598.12 and 528.74 for male Anatolian buffaloes, respectively. As a result, the best fitted model based on MSE and R-2 criterias was Richards model. Also, the growth and development traits such as sexual maturity age, breeding age, appropriate slaughter age in male and female Anatolian buffalo calves can be estimated using the Richards model.”
“Five Babesia bovis recombinant proteins, including merozoite surface antigen 2c (BbMSA-2c), C-terminal rhoptry-associated protein 1 (BbRAP-1/CT),

truncated thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (BbTRAP-T), spherical body protein 1 (BbSBP-1), and spherical body protein 4 (BbSBP-4), were evaluated as diagnostic antigens to detect the infection in cattle. The recombinant proteins were highly antigenic when tested with experimentally B. bovis-infected bovine serum in Western blot analysis. Furthermore, five antisera that had been raised this website against each of the recombinant proteins reacted specifically with the corresponding authentic protein, as determined in Western blot analysis. Next, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) using these recombinant proteins were evaluated for diagnostic use, and the sensitivity and specificity of each protein were demonstrated with a series of serum samples from selleck chemical experimentally B. bovis-infected cattle. Furthermore, a total of 669 field serum samples collected from cattle in regions of B. bovis endemicity in seven

countries were tested with the ELISAs, and the results were compared to those of an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), as a reference. Among five recombinant antigens, recombinant BbSBP-4 (rBbSBP-4) had the highest concordance rate (85.3%) and kappa value (0.705), indicating its reliability in the detection of specific antibodies to B. bovis in cattle, even in different geographical regions. Overall, we have successfully developed an ELISA based on rBbSBP-4 as a new serological antigen for a practical and sensitive test which will be applicable for epidemiologic survey and control programs in the future.”
“The Theory of Planned Behavior was used to determine if dietitians personal characteristics and beliefs about fresh vegetable food safety predict whether they currently teach, intend to teach, or neither currently teach nor intend to teach food safety information to their clients. Dietitians who participated in direct client education responded to this web-based survey (n = 327). The survey evaluated three independent belief variables: Subjective Norm, Attitudes, and Perceived Behavioral Control.

GA was categorized into three subtypes: endotracheal tube intubation general anesthesia (ETGA), intravenous injection general anesthesia (IVGA) or intramuscular injection general anesthesia (IMGA), and heavy sedation. The multiple logistic regression model was used for analyses. Results: Individuals exposed to surgery under ETGA (odds ratio [OR], 1.34; 95% confidence interval [Cl],

1.25-1.44) and those exposed to surgery under IVGA or IMGA (OR, 1.28; 95% Cl, 1.14 1.43) were at significantly higher risk of dementia in a dose response relationship (P smaller than .0001), whereas surgery under heavy sedation was not associated with increased risk of dementia (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.68-1.59). The dementia risk for subjects with diabetes mellitus who received surgery under ETGA (OR, 1.59; selleck chemical 95% CI, 1.42-1.78), hypertension (OR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.78-2.21), atherosclerosis (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.22-1.50), or after having experienced.a stroke (OR, 3.52; 95% CI, 3.13-3.97), but no interaction was found between surgery under ETGA and depression for the risk of dementia. Conclusions: Fosbretabulin inhibitor A history of previous exposure to surgery under GA might be associated with an increased risk of dementia, particularly in subjects who have

undergone repeated exposure to GA. In addition, subjects who had received surgery under ETGA with comorbidities such as stroke, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and atherosclerosis could have a potential relationship with dementia risk. (c) 2014 The Alzheimer’s Association. All rights reserved.”
“Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite thin films were fabricated on silicon and titanium by atomic layer deposition (ALD) of CaCO3 and its subsequent conversion to hydroxyapatite by diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) solution. The effects

of conversion Compound C process parameters to crystallinity and morphology of the films were examined. DAP concentration was found to be critical in controlling the crystal size and homogeneity of the films. The hydroxyapatite phase was identified by XRD. ToF-elastic recoil detection analysis studies revealed that the films are calcium deficient in relation to hydroxyapatite with a Ca/P ratio of 1.39 for films converted with 0.2 M DAP at 95 degrees C. The coatings prepared on titanium conformally follow the rough surface topography of the substrate, verifying that the good step coverage of the ALD method was maintained in the conversion process. The dissolution tests revealed that the coating was nondissolvable in the cell culture medium. Annealing the coated sample at 700 degrees C for 1 h seemed to enhance its bonding properties to the substrate. Also, the biocompatibility of the coatings was confirmed by human bone marrow derived cells in vitro. The developed method provides a new possibility to produce thin film coatings on titanium implants with bone-type hydroxyapatite that is biocompatible with human osteo-blasts and osteoclasts. (C) 2014 American Vacuum Society.

585, p=0.001). All patients were stratified into three groups according FPG after CSII. selleck chemicals llc As multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression demonstrated, compared with the patients with FPG<6.1mmol/L, risk for hyperglycemia relapse was increased 60% in those with 6.1 mmol/L <= FPG <= 7.0 mmol/L (Hazard ratio=1.60,p=0.049), and 1.69 folds in those with FPG>7.0 mmol/L (Hazard ratio=2.69, p<0.0001). Our study demonstrated that fasting plasma glucose after intensive insulin therapy is a convenient and significant predictor for hyperglycemic

relapse.”
“An efficient synthesis of substituted furans was achieved from ketones by alkylation with 3-iodopropynylphosphonate and cyclization of the resulting 5-oxo-1-ynylphosphonates under mild conditions. The process can also be carried out as a one-pot reaction to give furan derivatives in excellent yields.”
“phyloMeta

is an easy to use console program for integrating phylogenetic information into meta-analysis. It is designed Staurosporine in vivo to help ecologists, evolutionary biologists and conservation biologists analyze effect size data extracted from published studies in a comparative phylogenetic context. This software estimates phylogenetic versions of all the traditional meta-analytical statistics used for: pooling effect sizes with weighted regressions; evaluating the homogeneity of these effect sizes; performing moderator tests akin to ANOVA style analyses; and analyzing data with fixed- and random-effects models. phyloMeta is developed in C/C++ and can be used via command line in MS Windows environments.”
“Since high Sapitinib levels of genetic diversity may ensure long-term survival of a plant species, it is essential to preserve the genetic diversity of the species. Tipularia japonica and Epipactis papillosa are rare terrestrial orchids in southern Korea with fewer than 50 mature individuals in a population and southern Japan and considered to be threatened (endangered or vulunerable). To obtain knowledge of how the genetic variation of these species is partitioned within and among populations in Korea,

I used enzyme electrophoresis to examine the genetic diversity of each eight known populations of the two species from South Korea. Twenty-three (E. papillosa) and 24 putative loci (T. japonica) resolved from 15 enzyme systems revealed no variation either within or among populations of each species (0.0% of the percentage of polymorphic loci, %P). Previous studies, in contrast, showed that their more widely distributed disjunct congeners T. discolor and E. helleborine harbored high allozyme-based genetic diversity within populations in eastern United States (%P = 75%) and in Denmark (%P = 73.6%), respectively. In theory, small population size leads to allelic fixation at many loci over generations within a population, resulting in population genetic divergence or differentiation.

International differences between hospital systems made it difficult to assign a precise value for the multiplicand medical science using RRS as an example. Using bystander Galardin ic50 CPR as an example for the multiplicand educational efficiency, it was also difficult to provide a precise value, mainly because of differences between compression-only and standard CPR. The local implementation multiplicand (exemplified by therapeutic hypothermia) is probably the easiest to improve, and is likely to have the most immediate improvement in observed survival outcome in most systems of care. Despite the noted weaknesses, we believe that the FfS will be useful as a mental framework when trying

to improve resuscitation outcome in communities worldwide. (C) 3-MA in vivo 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Severe stress or trauma can cause permanent changes in brain circuitry, leading to dysregulation of fear responses and the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). To date, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying stress-induced long-term plasticity in fear circuits. We addressed this question

by using global gene expression profiling in an animal model of PTSD, stress-enhanced fear learning (SEFL). A total of 15 footshocks were used to induce SEFL and the volatile anesthetic isoflurane was used to suppress the behavioral BMS-777607 effects of stress. Gene expression in lateral/basolateral amygdala was measured using microarrays at 3 weeks after the exposure to different combinations of shock and isoflurane. Shock

produced robust effects on amygdalar transcriptome and isoflurane blocked or reversed many of the stress-induced changes. We used a modular approach to molecular profiles of shock and isoflurane and built a network of regulated genes, functional categories, and cell types that represent a mechanistic foundation of perturbation-induced plasticity in the amygdala. This analysis partitioned perturbation-induced changes in gene expression into neuron-and astrocyte-specific changes, highlighting a previously underappreciated role of astroglia in amygdalar plasticity. Many neuron-enriched genes were highly correlated with astrocyte-enriched genes, suggesting coordinated transcriptional responses to environmental challenges in these cell types. Several individual genes were validated using RT-PCR and behavioral pharmacology. This study is the first to propose specific cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying SEFL, an animal model of PTSD, and to nominate novel molecular and cellular targets with potential for therapeutic intervention in PTSD, including glycine and neuropeptide systems, chromatin remodeling, and gliotransmission. Neuropsychopharmacology (2010) 35, 1402-1411; doi: 10.1038/npp.2010.

During this follow-up, their attention regulation and behavior problems were also LY2603618 cost assessed using a computerized test and parental reports. Lower quality of sleep in infancy significantly predicted compromised attention regulation and behavior problems. These findings underscore the need to identify and treat early sleep problems.”
“Metastatic cancer cells form pseudopodia (PD) to facilitate their migration. The proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) transduces migratory signals

from proteases, and it forms protein complexes with p-arrestin and other signalling molecules that are enriched in pseudopodia. More generally, however, pseudopodial regulation is poorly understood. Here, we purified the pseudopodial proteomes of breast cancer cells after activation of

the endogenous PAR-2 and we combined gel-based approaches with label-free high-resolution mass spectrometry to identify proteins that accumulate selleck kinase inhibitor at the pseudopodia upon PAR-2-mediated migration. We identified >410 proteins in the cell body and >380 in the pseudopodia upon PAR2 activation, of which 93 were enriched in the pseudopodia. One of the pathways strongly enriched in the PD was the clathrin-mediated endocytosis signalling pathway, highlighting the importance of the scaffolding function of p-arrestin in PAR-2 signalling via its endocytosis. We therefore immunoprecipitated beta-arrestins, and with mass spectrometry we identified 418 novel putative interactors. These data revealed novel p-arrestin functions that specifically control PAR-2-regulated signalling in migrating breast cancer cells but also showed that some p-arrestin functions are universal between GPCRs and cell types. In conclusion, this study reveals novel proteins and signalling pathways potentially AZD8055 nmr important for migration of breast cancer cells. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Background: The main objectives of this study were to determine the incidence of echocardiography-detected right ventricle dysfunction (RVD) or pulmonary

hypertension (PHI) and its correlation with computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) in hemodynamically stable patients with pulmonary embolism (PE), both at diagnosis and after 6 months follow-up.\n\nMethods: Prospective, descriptive, single-center follow-up study. Study population: 103 consecutive patients, with a life expectancy of >6 months, presenting with PE and a systolic blood pressure >= 90 mmHg. Echocardiography and CTPA were performed at diagnosis and after 6 months.\n\nResults: At diagnosis, RVD and isolated PHT were found in 24.5% and 19.6% of patients, respectively. CTPA and echocardiography correlated significantly at diagnosis. However, CTPA could not predict accurately RVD or PHI. Persistence of RVD and isolated PHT was observed in 7.9% and 11.8% of cases, respectively, 6 months later. Intraluminal filling defects disappeared in 79%.

According to the current classification, 4 different subtypes can be identified, each with distinctive phenotypic and therapeutic characteristics. Current available laboratory methods allow a straightforward

approach to VWD subtyping, and although the precise molecular characterization remains complex, it is not required for appropriate treatment of the vast majority of cases. Desmopressin can be useful only in a few type 2 cases compared with patients with actual quantitative deficiency (type 1), most often in variants with a nearly normal multimeric pattern (type 2M). However, since no laboratory test accurately predicts response 10058-F4 chemical structure to desmopressin, a trial test should always be performed in all type 2 VWD patients, with the exception of type 2B ones. Replacement AZD2014 therapy with plasma-derived von Willebrand factor-factor VIII concentrates represents the safe mainstay of treatment of all patients, particularly those not responding to desmopressin or requiring a sustained hemostatic correction because of major surgery or bleeding. A significant patient bleeding history correlates with increased bleeding risk and should be considered in tailoring the optimal antihemorrhagic prophylaxis in the individual patient.”
“Purpose: To retrospectively re-evaluate a published prognostic

score for response to salvage treatment in patients with germ-cell tumours relapsing or progressing after cisplatin-based first-line chemotherapy.\n\nPatients and methods: From a database of 257 germ cell tumour (GCT) patients treated with salvage high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) we identified 176 patients (67%) with relapse or progression after first-line conventional-dose chemotherapy (CDCT). Patients were retrospectively grouped according to a published prognostic score defined by Fossa and colleagues [Fossa SD, Stenning SP, Gerl A, et al. Prognostic factors in patients progressing after cisplatin-based chemotherapy for malignant non-seminomatous www.selleckchem.com/products/epacadostat-incb024360.html germ cell tumors.

Br J Cancer 1999; 80:1392-9]. Overall survival (OS) and event free survival (EFS) after HDCT were retrospectively evaluated in each prognostic group.\n\nResults: After a median follow-up of 9 years the OS probability for all 176 patients was 38% and the EFS probability was 35%. The respective survival probability at S years in 100/176 (57%) good prognosis patients and 76/176 (43%) poor prognosis patients were 47% versus 28% for OS (p < 0.001) and 41% versus 26% for EFS (p < 0.005). Whereas survival probabilities did not differ in good prognosis patients, OS and EFS in poor prognosis patients were substantially better in the current series of patients treated with HDCT compared to the ones reported by Fossa treated with CDCT.