6 +/- 5 kJ/mol), whereas quaternary salts have high

activation energy (TMCI/155.5 +/- 10 kJ/mol). (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 121: 815-822, 2011″
“Study Design. In a retrospective study, we report on 16 patients with congenital kyphosis due to progressively ossifying anterior unsegmented bars.

Objective. To specify the therapeutic strategy in such malformation.

Summary of Background Data. Congenital kyphosis due to progressively ossifying anterior unsegmented bars is a particular and uncommon entity of congenital kyphosis. Progressive anterior vertebral bars result in slowly progressive kyphosis, which rarely lead selleck compound to neurological compromise. Sagittal equilibrium of the spine is maintained by compensatory curves adjacent to the primary curve.

Methods. All patients had clinical assessment and successive measurements of segmental angle made on a standing lateral radiograph of the spine. Magnetic resonance imaging was

obtained in four patients. Six patients were just observed. A brace was used in three. And seven RSL3 mw were treated surgically.

Results. The compensatory capacity of the spine is reduced in lumbar area where there are few discs spaces below the bar. Presentation therefore tends to be at an earlier age and pain is more common. Magnetic resonance imaging enables definition of the structures immediately posterior to the bar and provides information regarding the integrity of the intervertebral disc.

Conclusion. There is usually no need for surgery in thoracic and thoracolumbar localization. In lumbar localization, if the diagnosis is done early in childhood and if magnetic resonance imaging shows

beyond the anterior ossification a normal T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging disc space signal, desepiphysiodesis bar resection and cement interposition is mandatory. If the disc magnetic resonance imaging signal is abnormal or if the disc space is totally ossified, we propose a surgical correction of the MEK162 clinical trial kyphosis. For such cases a posterior wedge osteotomy seems to be the more suitable procedure.”
“Headache is one of the most common health complaints in children and adolescents. The initial assessment of acute headache aims to recognize whether there is a secondary cause for headache. According to the literature, the secondary headaches due to non-life-threatening diseases are the most frequent ones in pediatrics. In particular, respiratory tract infections and minor head trauma represent the majority. In a small minority of patients, headache is secondary to serious life-threatening intracranial disorders. Meningitis is the most common cause of headache due to serious neurological condition. These patients do not constitute a diagnostic problem, as they usually have clear systemic and neurological signs of intracranial hypertension.

5 to 8 hours, and perhaps up to 12 to 24 hours for basilar occlusions.”
“The

aim of this study was to assess the role of depression as a predictor of new onset of chronic migraine (CM) among persons with episodic migraine (EM). The American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention (AMPP) study followed 24,000 persons with severe headache identified in 2004. Using random-effects logistic regression, we modeled the probability that persons with EM CH5183284 in 2005 or 2006 would develop CM in the subsequent year. Depression was assessed in two ways, using a validated questionnaire (PHQ-9 score a parts per thousand yen15) and based on self-reported medical diagnosis. Analyses were adjusted for multiple covariates including sociodemographics, body mass index, headache pain intensity, headache frequency, migraine symptom severity, cutaneous allodynia, acute medication

overuse, anti-depressant use and anxiety. Of 6,657 participants with EM in 2005, 160 (2.4 %) developed CM in 2006. Of 6,852 participants with EM in 2006, 144 (2.2 %) developed CM in 2007. In fully adjusted models, PHQ-9 defined depression was a significant predictor of CM onset [odds ratio (OR) = 1.65, 95 % CI 1.12-2.45]. There was a depression-dose effect; relative to participants with no depression or mild depression, click here those with moderate (OR = 1.77, 95 % CI 1.25-2.52), moderately severe (OR = 2.35, 95 % CI 1.53-3.62), and severe depression (OR = 2.53, 95 % CI 1.52-4.21) were at increased risk for the onset of CM. Among persons with EM, depression

was associated with AL3818 manufacturer an increased risk of CM after adjusting for sociodemographic variables and headache characteristics. Depression preceded the onset of CM and risk increased with depression severity suggesting a potentially causal role though reverse causality cannot be excluded.”
“Symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis carries one of the highest rates of recurrent stroke (10%-20% per year) despite antithrombotic therapy. Stroke prevention strategies for intracranial atherosclerotic disease follow the guidelines for secondary stroke prevention that target atherogenic risk factors. These include following standard stroke prevention guidelines of weight loss for overweight patients, moderate physical exercise (at least 30 minutes most days), cessation of cigarette smoking, and a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet. Pharmacologic treatments include antiplatelet agents, statins, blood sugar control for diabetics, and antihypertensive medications. Goals may include low-density lipoprotein cholesterol less than 100 mg/dL (< 70 mg/dL in high-risk patients). The absolute blood pressure reduction target is uncertain, but average long-term reductions of 10/5 mm Hg are recom mended. Angio plasty with stent placement for the treatment of symptomatic severe intracranial stenosis (a parts per thousand yen 70%) is currently being evaluated in a phase 3 randomized controlled trial.

These preliminary results indicate a need for a larger multi centre randomised trial to establish if the primary sector is truly a satisfactory alternative for patient follow up. Cytological surveillance is best carried out in the place desired by the patients to allow

good compliance with the monitoring process.”
“Study Design. Single institution, retrospective cohort click here study of 49 consecutive patients with Lenke I adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, all operated by a single surgeon using identical surgical technique and type of instrumentation.

Objective. To evaluate the early coronal and sagittal correction of main thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis using all-pedicle screw instrumentation and to determine whether implant density influences correction.

Summary of Background Data. There is an increasing trend in the use of pedicle screws in scoliosis correction surgery, particularly in using segmental all-pedicle screw constructs. No previous studies have investigated whether higher pedicle screw implant density improves correction of scoliosis in vivo.

Methods. www.selleckchem.com/products/oicr-9429.html Forty-nine consecutive patients with Lenke I main thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis underwent single stage posterior correction and instrumented spinal fusion with pedicle screw fixation between 2006 and 2008. Pre- and postoperative radiographs were analyzed. Mean patient age at the time of operation

was 14.4 years (range: 11-19.7 years).

Results. The preoperative main thoracic curve of 60.0 degrees +/- 13.4 degrees was corrected to 17.4 degrees +/- 6.9 degrees (69.9% correction) on the postoperative radiographs. The preoperative thoracic kyphosis of 20.0 degrees +/- 10.2 degrees decreased to 11.6 degrees +/- 4.9 degrees after surgery. There was a significant correlation

between decrease in sagittal kyphosis and magnitude of coronal Cobb angle correction (P = 0.002). There was no correlation between implant density and magnitude of coronal or sagittal curve correction, with and without curve flexibility taken into consideration.

Conclusion. Pedicle screw constructs provided excellent coronal correction of thoracic idiopathic scoliosis, however, this was at the expense of sagittal contour. Bilateral segmental pedicle screw fixation did not improve curve correction compared with unilateral or alternate Rabusertib mw segmental fixation.”
“A series of polymeric flame retardants (PFRs) containing phosphorus-nitrogen-bromide were synthesized from spirocyclic pentaerythritol bisphosphorate disphosphoryl chloride (SPDPC), 2-methoxyl-4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine (MDCT), and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). The influence of monomer ratio on their thermal stability was investigated by adjusting the proportion of SPDPC/MDCT (mol/mol) from 80/20 to 20/80. The flammability properties of the PFRs blended with ABS were evaluated using LOI and UL-94 vertical test.

However, its popularity has declined essentially because of the variable vessel anatomy. The main disadvantage of the DCIA flap is that

its dissection is time consuming and requires a greater anatomical knowledge compared with other commonly harvested free flaps. Here, this website we describe the anatomical variability relevant to the DCIA flap to allow a clear and easy dissection.

Materials and Methods: Three male and seven female preserved Korean adult cadavers were dissected bilaterally (20 sides). The age at death ranged from 46 to 84 years. Various measurements were made, including the origins of the DCIA and deep circumflex iliac vein (DCIV), lengths of the DCIA and DCIV, and the types of ascending branch of the DCIA.

Results: The origin of the DCIA was 5.30 +/- 6.22 mm (mean +/- SD) superior to the inguinal ligament, and the DCIV was 4.75 +/- 3.14 mm medial to the origin of the DCIA. The length of the DCIA from its origin to the level of the anterior superior iliac spine was 59.35 +/- 9.06 mm, and the vertical distance between the anterior superior iliac spine and DCIA was 18.50 +/- 3.82mm. With regard to the branching pattern of ascending selleck chemicals branch, most cases (n = 18, 90%) exhibited 1 origin and 2 branches, and the remaining 2 cases (10%) had 2 origins and 2 branches. The distance from the DCIA origin to the branch point

in cases exhibiting 1 origin and 2 branches was 36.83 +/- 16.10 mm.

Conclusions: The anatomical findings presented here regarding anatomical variability relevant to DCIA flap harvesting

may facilitate the DCIA flap approach for clinicians.”
“Aim:

To https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ly2606368.html compare different outcomes of vitrification and slow freezing of isolated pre-antral follicles and to evaluate different cryo-devices for vitrification of isolated follicles.

Methods:

Pre-antral follicles were isolated from mouse ovaries and cryopreserved using vitrification and slow freezing. A preliminary experiment was carried out to select the optimal cryo-device for vitrification of isolated follicles. A total of 414 follicles were randomly distributed among four groups: control (CT) fresh (n = 100), nylon mesh (n = 96), electron microscopy grid (n = 102), and micro-capillary tips (n = 116). Subsequently, a total of 979 follicles were randomly assigned to three different groups: CT fresh (n = 256), vitrification (n = 399) and slow freezing (n = 324). CT and cryopreserved/thawed follicles were cultured in vitro and examined daily for development. Final maturation was triggered with human chorionic gonadotrophin and rates of oocyte maturation were calculated. The ultra-structure of cryopreserved/thawed follicles was studied using electron microscopy. Meiotic spindle presence and organization in mature oocytes were examined using the Oosight imaging system.

0%) showed CR. Five (20%) of these patients in CR who underwent allogeneic HSCT are still in remission.

The remaining 20 (80.0%) children were lost due to infection or relapse of the primary diseases. The overall survival of patients who are still alive and underwent allogeneic HSCT (mean: 40.6 +/- 4.7, median: 40, range: 34-46 months) was longer than that of patients (mean: 5.5 +/- 4.3, median: 4, range: 1-15 months) who did not undergo allogeneic HSCT. The CR rate was quite high in the present study using the FLAG-IDA regimen, and the authors believe this regimen is a possible option prior to allogeneic HSCT in children with poor-prognosis acute leukemia.”
“We predict that undoped nanoparticles (size <= 10-100 nm) of incipient ferroelectrics without any magnetic ions can become ferromagnetic even at room temperatures due to the inherent buy NVP-LDE225 presence of a new type of magnetic defects with spin S = 1, namely oxygen vacancies, where the magnetic triplet state is the ground state in the vicinity of the surface (magnetic shell), while the nonmagnetic singlet is the ground state in the bulk material (nonmagnetic core). In particular, for a particle radii R less than the critical radius R(c)(T) ferromagnetic long-range order appears in a shell region of thickness 5-50 nm once the concentration of magnetic defects N exceeds the magnetic percolation threshold

N(p). At vacancy concentrations N<N(p) and radii R<R(c)(T), short-range ferromagnetic Sapitinib in vivo order and consequently a spin glass state may appear. For particle radii R>R(c)(T), only the paramagnetic phase is possible. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3580478]“
“Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the expression YAP-TEAD Inhibitor 1 solubility dmso of telomere repeat binding factor 1 (TRF1), TRF2 and protection of telomeres 1 (POT1) in gastric cancer and their relationships with clinicopathological features and telomerase activity.

Methods: In total 36 gastric cancer tissue and paired adjacent normal tissue were analyzed. The mRNA expression of telomere binding proteins TRF1, TRF2 and POT1 were measured using quantitative reverse transcription

polymerase chain reaction, and telomerase activity was assessed by the telomeric repeat amplification protocol/enzyme linked immunosorbent assay method.

Results: The expression of POT1 was significantly higher in tumor tissue than in adjacent normal tissue (P < 0.001). Levels of TRF2 mRNA were significantly higher in bigger tumors (diameter >= 5 cm) than in small tumors (diameter < 5 cm) (P = 0.043). POT1 mRNA transcription levels were higher in tumors with lymph nodes metastases than in those without lymph nodes metastases (P = 0.048). POT1 expression was significantly correlated with tumor stage (P = 0.008). A higher level of expression of POT1 was observed in late-stage tumors (III, IV) than in early stage tumors (I, II).

[doi:10.1063/1.3549707]“
“PURPOSE: To compare the clinical outcomes of a new triple procedure comprising endothelial keratoplasty, phacoemulsification, and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation and a conventional triple procedure comprising penetrating keratoplasty, extracapsular cataract extraction, and IOL implantation.

SETTING: Cornea Services, Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

METHODS: In this prospective nonrandomized study, the new triple procedure was performed in eyes with predominant endothelial dysfunction and coexisting cataract and the conventional triple procedure, in eyes with opacities affecting other layers of the cornea. Outcome measures were intraoperative

and postoperative complications, 3-month postoperative distance visual acuity, refractive status, mean corneal power, corneal topography, and endothelial cell loss. The outcomes in the 2 groups were compared.

RESULTS: find more The new procedure group comprised 54 eyes and the conventional procedure group, 26 eyes. All grafts in both groups

SIS3 in vitro were clear 3 months postoperatively. The IOL was fixated in the capsular bag in all eyes in the new procedure group and 23% of eyes in the conventional procedure group. Postoperatively, persistent epithelial defects, uveitis, glaucoma, and posterior capsule opacification were significantly more frequent in the conventional procedure group. Visual acuity was significantly better and the postoperative refractive status more predictable in the new procedure check details group. Endothelial cell loss was greater in the new procedure group than in the conventional group, although the difference was not statistically significant.

CONCLUSION: The new triple procedure was safer than the conventional triple procedure and resulted in better visual outcomes, a more predictable refractive error, a smoother corneal contour, and a tectonically stronger globe.”
“In plants, 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase/lyase (OGG1) and formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (FPG) play similar roles within the base excision repair (BER) pathway involved in the removal of oxidized bases, e.g.

7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxo-dG) and formamidopyrimidine (FAPy) lesions. To date, it is not clear why plants have retained both the OGG1 and FPG functions. In the present work, we have investigated the possible roles played in planta by MtOGG1 and MtFPG genes from Medicago truncatula Gaertn. (barrel medic). Bioinformatic investigation revealed the presence of putative mitochondrial and nuclear localization signals in the MtOGG1 and MtFPG amino acid sequences, respectively, thus suggesting for different subcellular fates. The expression profiles of both genes were evaluated by Quantitative Real-Time PCR (QRT-PCR) in barrel medic plantlets grown in vitro under oxidative stress conditions induced by copper (CuCl(2), 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mM) and polyethylene glycol (PEG6000, 50, 100 and 150 g L(-1)).

33), IDC (5.30), and DCIS (3.78) were significantly different when assessed by repeated-measurement analysis of variance (F = 14.17, p < 0.001). Additionally, the results revealed that the distribution of strong MnSOD protein expression was 80.0%, 72.3%, and 52.3% Cyclopamine ic50 in adjacent cancer-free tissues, IDC, and DCIS, respectively. However, there was no statistically significant relationship between the expression of MnSOD and grades of breast cancer or other clinicopathologic variables. We suggest that the expression of MnSOD in neoplasm tissues, independent of the clinicopathologic

characters, plays a critical role in breast cancer biology. Copyright (C) 2011, Elsevier Taiwan LLC. All rights reserved.”
“Background and aims: Italian National Food Consumption Survey, INRAN-SCAI 2005-06, is the third national food consumption survey performed in Italy. This study describes energy and nutrient intakes in Italy.

Methods and results: A national cross-sectional food consumption survey was conducted using consecutive 3-day food records between October 2005 and

December 2006. A sample of 3323 males and females aged 0.1-97.7 years living in private households was investigated. Individual food records were converted into energy and nutrient intakes with the use of recently updated national food composition databases. For each subject, intakes of energy and of 27 nutrients were calculated, including six minerals (i.e., iron, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, find more this website potassium and zinc) and 10 vitamins (i.e., thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin C, vitamin B(6), retinol, beta-carotene, vitamin

A as retinol equivalents (REs), vitamin E, vitamin D and vitamin B(12)). On average, 36% of calories appeared to derive from fat (11% from saturated fatty acids) and 45% from available carbohydrates (15% from soluble carbohydrates).

Conclusions: The results of the INRAN-SCAI 2005-06 survey in terms of nutrient intakes provide an important piece of information for nutrition surveillance of the population and may also be used to identify priorities for further research. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Studies of the evolution of helping have traditionally used the explanatory frameworks of reciprocity and altruism towards relatives, but recently there has been an increasing interest in other kinds of explanations. We review the success or otherwise of work investigating alternative processes and mechanisms, most of which fall under the heading of cooperation for direct benefits. We evaluate to what extent concepts such as by-product benefits, pseudo-reciprocity, sanctions and partner choice, markets and the build-up of cross-species spatial trait correlations have contributed to the study of the evolution of cooperation. We conclude that these alternative ideas are successful and show potential to further increase our understanding of cooperation.

We also examine the construct validity of the new CarerQol instrument measuring caregiver burden and general quality of life.

Caregivers of children born with CFM were identified through the Arkansas Reproductive Health Monitoring System. A mailed survey included the HUI3, the SF-6D, the QWB-SA to measure health-related quality of life; the CES-D measuring depressive symptoms as well as the SRB MK-2206 scale, and the CarerQol.

The HUI3, the SF-6D, and the QWB-SA were examined in relation to the CES-D the SRB, the CarerQol, and each other.

A total of 65 (63%) parents of children (a parts per thousand currency sign17 years) responded. The mean SF-6D, HUI3, and QWB-SA scores were 0.81 (SD = 0.13), 0.84 (SD = 0.23), and 0.67 (SD = 0.14), respectively. The mean CES-D score was 13.3 (SD = 13.4) and 28.6% of the sample met a threshold for depressive symptoms (CES-D a parts per thousand yen 16).

The mean CarerQol-VAS and SRB scores were 7.5 (SD = 2.3) and 15.1 (SD = 23.5), respectively. The Spearman correlations (rho) of the HUI3 and the SF-6D with the CES-D were similar (-0.81 and -0.76) while the rho was lower (-0.57) for the QWB-SA. Preference-weighted scores of caregivers with CES-D scores a parts per thousand yen 16 differed significantly for both the SF-6D and the HUI3, but not the QWB-SA. All three generic instruments showed moderate to strong relationships with the CarerQol.

The HUI3 and SF-6D were more sensitive predictors of depressive symptoms in this caregiver sample than was the QWB-SA. The CarerQol showed

LY2835219 inhibitor KPT-8602 good construct validity and may be useful for measuring well-being effects associated with caregiving.”
“Four-electrode techniques are used to minimize the effects of electrode polarization on measurements of the frequency-dependent impedance of conductive solutions. Basic circuit analysis confirms that an ideal Schwan-type four-electrode measurement can theoretically determine the polarization-free impedance of a sample. However, circuit analysis including parasitic effects indicates that the input impedance of the potential-sensing electrodes will be a significant influence on the measurement. This is verified in experiments on conductive solutions employing measurements of the gain and phase between potential-sensing electrodes in a four-electrode arrangement. The electrode impedance is varied by adding capacitors in parallel with the probes. The combined theory and experimental data indicate that parasitic capacitance of the potential-sensing electrodes is non-negligible and will alter the measured capacitance at all frequencies and even distort conductivity measurements at high-frequencies. This result has significant implications for the feasibility of broadband measurements of liquids based on four-electrode impedance methods. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.

Methods: Computer-generated three-dimensional models of scapulae from computed tomography scans of thirty-six shoulders in whole-body cadavers were generated. The anatomic geometry of these models had been previously validated. The position of the scapulae relative to the gantry was determined. The three-dimensional models were rotated in 1 degrees increments in the coronal and sagittal planes. Glenoid version find more was measured on two-dimensional images for each of the rotation increments. Version variability at each rotation increment was calculated.

Results: The anatomic glenoid version (independent of the resting position of the

scapula) was an average (and standard deviation) of 2.0 degrees +/- 3.8 degrees of retroversion. The average difference between anatomic glenoid version and clinical glenoid version (depending on the position of the scapula on the original computed tomography

axial images) was 6.9 degrees +/- 5.6 degrees (range, 0.1 degrees to 22.5 degrees). Version variability with coronal or sagittal rotation was significant for all degrees of rotation (p < 0.0001). Scapular abduction had the greatest effect on version variation and resulted in 0.42 degrees of relative anteversion for every 10 of abduction in the coronal plane. In the sagittal plane, internal rotation resulted in relative anteversion.

Conclusions: Any malalignment of >= 1 degrees of the scapula in the coronal or sagittal plane will create inaccuracies in measuring glenoid version. The plane of axial reconstruction should be aligned with PU-H71 the scapula when two-dimensional computed tomography images are used to measure glenoid version. These findings support

the use of three-dimensional models to evaluate glenoid version.”
“SETTING: Gondar Hospital, Gondar Health Centre, Metemma Hospital, Bahir Dar Hospital and Debre Markos Hospital in Northwest Ethiopia.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the level of and risk factors for first- and second-line drug resistance Metabolism inhibitor among tuberculosis (TB) patients.

DESIGN: Drug susceptibility testing (DST) against first-line drugs, including isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RMP), streptomycin (SM), ethambutol (EMB) and pyrazinamide (PZA), was performed using the BacT/ALERT 3D system. DST against second-line drugs, including fluoroquinolones and aminoglycocides/cyclic peptides, was performed using Geno Type MTBDRsl.

RESULTS: Of 260 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates, 41 (15.8%) were resistant to at least one first-line drug, 13 (5.0%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR) and 9 (3.5%) were resistant to all first-line drugs. Any resistance to INH, RMP, SM, EMB and PZA was respectively 36 (13.8%), 15 (5.8%), 26 (10.0%), 19 (7.3%) and 12 (4.6%). Of 214 new and 46 previously treated cases, respectively 8 (3.7%) and 5 (10.9%) were MDR. All isolates were susceptible to all second-line drugs.

The competitive inhibitor PhMYBx (R3-MYB) was expressed under high light, which may provide feedback repression. In floral tissues

DPL regulates vein-associated anthocyanin pigmentation in the flower tube, while PHZ determines light-induced anthocyanin accumulation on exposed petal surfaces (bud-blush). A model is presented suggesting how complex floral and vegetative pigmentation patterns are derived in petunia in terms of MYB, bHLH and WDR co-regulators.”
“This paper evaluated anti-ulcer, anti-secretory and anti-helicobacter pylori effects of folkloric medicinal plant, Fumaria vaillantii L, in rats. Different toxic agents; ethanol (80%), NaOH (0.2 mol/L), NaCl (25%) and indomethacin (30 mg/kg, body weight) were used to produce acute gastric ulceration in rats. Antisecretory studies were undertaken PF-6463922 in vitro by using pylorus-ligation, Shay rat technique. F. vaillantii L aqueous extract (Aq-FV) was used in three doses (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg bodyweight). Aq-FV was further tested for anti-H. pylori activity. Extract significantly attenuated gastric

mucosal damage induced by toxic agents and indomethacin in rats. Aq-FV restored partially mucus secretion in indomethacin model. In pylorus-ligated rats, Aq-FV significantly reduced the basal gastric acid secretion, acidity and ulceration. Aq-FV possesses significant and more potent anti-ulcer and cytoprotective activities against experimentally-induced gastric ulcers in comparison to Omeprazole. BI 2536 Extract showed significant but less potent anti-H. pylori activity in comparison to DAPT molecular weight Clarithromycin. Evaluation agreed with the folkloric use of F. vaillantii L as anti-ulcer and anti-secretory tool.”
“Croton stellatopilosus Ohba (Plau-noi), a well-known Thai medicinal plant, was investigated for its genetic

variation by analyzing three DNA regions, one nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and two chloroplast trnL-F intergenic spacer and trnK intron regions. The results of ITS sequencing from 30 leaf samples showed that there were two major genotypes of C. stellatopilosus which were designated as STEL Type A and B. In addition, various nucleotide additive sequences which had presumably arisen from these two groups were also found. These so-called “”putative hybrids”", interestingly, displayed trnK intron sequences identical to the STEL Type B but different from the Type A. For the trnL-F region, all the 30 samples showed identical sequences. Thus, it was suggested that in the hybridization of C. stellatopilosus, the Type A genotype acts as paternal parent whereas the Type B genotype acts as maternal parent. In addition, all C. stellatopilosus samples were analyzed for their plaunotol content using TLC densitometry. We found that the Type A genotype, hybrid group and Type B genotype had plaunotol content in the ranges 0.209-0.492, 0.319-0.896 and 0.442-1.000% (w/w) dry weight, respectively.