In the present study, the behavioral phenotype including the response to challenges was analyzed in NPY-Y2 knockout (KO) mice backcrossed in to congenic C57BL/6 background. In the elevated plus-maze (EPM) and the forced swim test (FST), the Selleckchem RAD001 anxiolytic-like or antidepressant-like phenotype of the NPY-Y2 KO mice could not be confirmed, although this study differs from the previous one only with regard

to the genetic background of the mice. In addition, no differences in response to acute stress or to the antidepressant desipramine in the FST were detected between wild type (WT) and NPY-Y2 KO animals. These results suggest that the genetic background of the animals appears to have a strong influence on the behavioral phenotype of NPY-Y2 KO mice. Additionally, to further characterize the animals by their biochemical response

to a challenge, the neurochemical changes induced by the anxiogenic compound yohimbine were measured in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of NPY-Y2 KO and compared to WT mice. Dopamine (DA) levels were significantly increased by yohimbine in the WT but unaffected in the KO mice, suggesting that NPY-Y2 receptor exerts a direct control over both the tonic and phasic release of DA and that, although the anxiety-like behavior of these NPY-Y2 KO mice is unaltered, there are clear modifications of DA dynamics. However, yohimbine led to a significant increase in noradrenaline (NA) concentration and a slight reduction in serotonin concentration that were identical for both phenotypes. (C) 2011 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Intrapatient variability of the Gemcitabine mouse attachment (G) protein gene

of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was examined using both population and single-genome sequencing. Samples from three patients infected with a group B virus variant which has a 60-nucleotide duplication in the G protein gene were examined. These samples were chosen because occasional mixed sequence bases were observed. In a minority of RSV genomes from these patients considerable others variability was found, including point mutations, insertions, and deletions. Of particular note, the deletion of the exact portion of the gene which had been duplicated in some isolates was observed in viral RNAs from two patients.”
“The effects of methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (M beta CD), an oligosaccharide, on ion currents were investigated in differentiated NG108-15 neuronal cells. In NG108-15 cells treated with dibutyryl cyclic AMP, the expression level of the K(v)3.1 mRNA was elevated. Depletion of membrane cholesterol by exposing cells to M beta CD (1 mM) resulted in a significant reduction of the activation kinetics of delayed rectifier K+ current (I-kappa((DR))) in these cells. However, neither activation nor inactivation curve of I-kappa(DR) was altered following M beta CD treatment.

The models are in agreement with the experimental data. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Reducing cancer incidence and mortality by use of cancer-chemopreventive agents is an important goal. We have established an in vitro bioassay that is able to screen large numbers of candidate

chemicals that are positive for prevention of www.selleckchem.com/products/lcl161.html inflammation-related carcinogenesis. To accomplish this we have added candidate chemicals or vehicles and freshly isolated, fluorescent dye-labeled inflammatory cells that were overlaid on TNF-alpha-stimulated mouse endothelial cells in a 96-well plate. Inhibition of inflammatory cell attachment to the endothelial cells by the chemicals was quantified PF299804 nmr by the intensity of fluorescence from the adherent inflammatory cells after removing unattached cells. Using this assay, we selected two chemicals, auraptene and turmerones, for further study. As an in vivo test, diets containing these test chemicals were administered to mice with a piece of foreign body, gelatin sponge, that had been implanted to cause inflammation, and we found that the number of inflammatory cells that infiltrated into the subcutaneously implanted gelatin sponge was reduced compared to that found in the mice fed with a control diet. Moreover, diets containing

either of the two chemicals prevented inflammation-based carcinogenesis in a mouse model. We found that the compounds reduced not only the number of infiltrating cells but also the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) or formation of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanine (8-OHdG) in the infiltrated cells. Moreover, both compounds but not controls sustained the reducing activity in the inflammatory lesion, and this finding was confirmed by using non-invasive in vivo electron spin resonance.

The newly established in vitro screening assay will be useful for finding biologically effective chemopreventive agents against inflammation-related carcinogenesis. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Partner choice is a critical stage of many biological interactions, from mating to cooperation. When the quality of U0126 cost the potential partners is unknown, one way to choose is to rely on signaling: costly signals can reveal the quality of the sender and allow the receiver to choose. In some cases, however, signaling (or an active choice based on signals) is not possible, for example in the initiation of the symbiosis between the squid Euprymna scolopes and the bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri. How is partner choice possible in this and other similar cases? I show that in a game with asymmetric information without signaling, imposing a deliberate cost for establishing the interaction allows the non-informed individual to attract the right partner if the cost induces only high quality individuals to accept the interaction.

In this group, VE-821 cell line 51% with two copies of the risk haplotype, 36% with one copy, and 20% with no copies had attempted suicide. The total logistic regression model accounted for 13% of the variance in attempted suicide. Analyses of the 16 SNPs showed significant main effects on suicide attempt of rs3777747, rs4713902, and rs9470080 and interactive effects of rs3800373, rs9296158, and rs1360780 with CTQ score on suicide attempt. These data suggest that childhood trauma and variants of the FKBP5 gene may interact to increase the risk for attempting suicide. Neuropsychopharmacology (2010) 35, 1674-1683; doi:10.1038/npp.2009.236; published online 20 January 2010″
“Background:

Several single-institution series have demonstrated that compared with open thoracotomy, video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy may be associated with fewer postoperative complications. In the absence of randomized trials, we queried the Society of Thoracic Surgeons database to compare postoperative mortality and morbidity following open and video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy. A propensity-matched analysis using a large national database may enable a more comprehensive comparison of postoperative outcomes.

Methods: All patients having lobectomy as the primary procedure via thoracoscopy or https://www.selleckchem.com/products/q-vd-oph.html thoracotomy were

identified in the Society of Thoracic Surgeons database from 2002 to 2007. After exclusions, 6323 patients were identified: 5042 having thoracotomy, 1281 having thoracoscopy. A propensity analysis https://www.selleck.cn/products/AZD1480.html was performed, incorporating preoperative variables, and the incidence of postoperative complications was compared.

Results: Matching based on propensity scores produced 1281 patients in each group for analysis of postoperative outcomes. After video-assisted thoracoscopic

lobectomy, 945 patients (73.8%) had no complications, compared with 847 patients (65.3%) who had lobectomy via thoracotomy (P<.0001). Compared with open lobectomy, video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy was associated with a lower incidence of arrhythmias [n = 93 (7.3%) vs 147 (11.5%); P=.0004], reintubation [ n 18 (1.4%) vs 40 (3.1%); P - .0046], and blood transfusion [n - 31 (2.4%) vs n - 60 (4.7%); P=.0028], as well as a shorter length of stay (4.0 vs 6.0 days; P<.0001) and chest tube duration (3.0 vs 4.0 days; P<.0001). There was no difference in operative mortality between the 2 groups.

Conclusions: Video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy is associated with a lower incidence of complications compared with lobectomy via thoracotomy. For appropriate candidates, video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy may be the preferred strategy for appropriately selected patients with lung cancer. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 139: 366-78)”
“FKBP5 regulates the cortisol-binding affinity and nuclear translocation of the glucocorticoid receptor.

In addition, NF-kappa B was activated by rotavirus infection, confirming earlier findings by others. As NF-kappa B is important for the induction of IFN and other cytokines during viral infection, this suggests that rotavirus prevents cellular transcription APR-246 order as a means to evade host responses. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the use of this strategy by a double-stranded RNA virus.”
“Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are believed to be

critically involved in ethanol-related behaviors as well as in neurochemical responses to ethanol. However, discernment of nAChR contribution to ethanol reinforcement and consumption remains incomplete. The current studies examined the influence of the nAChR antagonist mecamylamine (MEC) on operant ethanol self-administration using a procedure that independently assessed appetitive and consumptive processes, and compared these findings to effects of MEC on sucrose self-ad ministration.

Male C57BL/6J

(136) mice were trained to respond for 30-min access to a retractable drinking tube containing either 10% v/v ethanol (10E) or 5% w/v sucrose (5S). Once trained, mice were habituated to saline injection and then treated with a series of MEC doses (0-8 mg/kg; i.p.) in a within-subject design. In a separate cohort, MEC was evaluated for its influence on locomotor activity.

MEC dose-dependently reduced 10E and 5S self-administration. The suppression in ethanol intake was attributable to a reduction in bout frequency, AZD3965 datasheet whereas the attenuation in sucrose intake was due to a decrease in bout size. Doses of MEC (6-8 mg/kg) that altered drinking patterns were also found to impair locomotor activity.

Although MEC non-selectively reduced 10E and 5S intakes in mice, there was some specificity in alterations of the underlying drinking pattern for each reinforcer.

Assessment of drinking topography within an operant self-administration procedure may provide useful insights regarding the role of nAChR function in the regulation of ethanol consumption. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) alkaline exonuclease BGLF5 has previously been recognized to contribute to immune evasion by downregulating production MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit of HLA molecules during virus replication. We have constructed a BGLF5-null virus mutant to determine BGLF5′s functions during EBV viral replication. Quantification of virus production in permissive 293 cells carrying a Delta BGLF5 genome identified a 17- to 21-fold reduction relative to complemented or wild-type controls. Detailed monitoring of Delta BGLF5 replication evidenced an impaired virus nucleocapsid maturation, a reduced primary egress and a 1.4-fold reduction in total viral DNA synthesis. Delta BGLF5 single-unit-length viral genomes were not only less abundant but also migrated faster than expected in gel electrophoresis.

Long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD) in the hippocampal region of the brain are two forms of synaptic plasticity that increase or decrease, respectively, the strength of synaptic transmission by postsynaptic AMPA-type glutamate receptors. Both LTP and LTD are induced by activation of NMDA-type glutamate receptors but differ in the level and duration of Ca(2+) influx through the

NMDA receptor 5-Fluoracil cost and the subsequent engagement of downstream signaling by protein kinases, including PKA, PKC, and CaMKII, and phosphatases, including PPI and calcineurin-PP2B (CaN). This review addresses the important emerging roles of the A-kinase anchoring protein family of scaffold proteins in regulating

localization of PKA and other kinases and phosphatases to postsynaptic multiprotein complexes that control NMDA and AMPA receptor function during LTP and LTD.”
“Objective: In risk stratification of aortic diseases such as aneurysm and aortic dissection, diameter is one parameter whose influence on the average aortic wall stress is directly described by the Laplace law. More advanced mechanical models can be used and may yield additional information, such as transmural stress distributions. The question then arises of how refined models need to be to provide clinicians with practical help.

Methods: Two sets of finite element models were used. The relative roles of diameter, material stiffness, longitudinal stretch, blood pressure, CA3 chemical structure wall thickness, and vessel curvature were explored using simplified aortic models

for comparison with the Laplace law. The influences of the material properties nonlinearity and residual stress unless on the transmural stress distribution were investigated using an advanced aortic model including recent experimental findings in older humans.

Results: The Laplace law was confirmed as one effective, basic tool to assess the average wall stress in the aortic wall, both in the circumferential and longitudinal directions. However, the simplified models were sufficient to show that, as already reported in the literature, longitudinal stretch and vessel curvature have potentially equally strong or even stronger contributions to wall stress than the parameters included in the Laplace law. When the advanced model was used, and residual stress induced by large opening angles such as found in older subjects was introduced, the transmural stress gradient was found inverted compared with expectations, with the largest stresses now toward the adventitia. The results suggested that the intima may be increasingly shielded from higher stresses as one gets older, which might be protective against the initiation of dissection tears in the thoracic aorta.

Conclusion: Biomechanical analysis of the aorta may be refined by using increasingly detailed computational models.

PRV virions contain a double-stranded DNA genome within a proteinaceous capsid surrounded by the tegument, a layer of viral and cellular proteins. The envelope layer, which encloses the capsid and tegument, contains viral transmembrane proteins anchored in a phospholipid bilayer. The viral and host proteins contained within virions execute important click here functions during viral

spread and pathogenesis, but a detailed understanding of the composition of PRV virions has been lacking. In this report, we present the first comprehensive proteomic characterization of purified PRV virions by mass spectrometry using two complementary approaches. To exclude proteins present in the extracellular medium that may nonspecifically associate with virions, we also analyzed virions treated with proteinase K and samples prepared from mock-infected cells. Overall, we identified 47 viral proteins associated with PRV virions, 40 of which were previously localized to the capsid, tegument, and envelope layers using traditional biochemical approaches. Additionally, we identified seven viral proteins that were previously undetected in virions, including pUL8, pUL20, pUL32, pUL40 (RR2), pUL42, pUL50 (dUTPase), and Rsp40/ICP22. Furthermore, although we did not enrich for posttranslational modifications, we detected phosphorylation of four virion proteins: pUL26, pUL36,

pUL46, and pUL48. Finally, we identified 48 host proteins associated with PRV virions, many of which have known functions in important cellular pathways such selleck products as intracellular signaling, mRNA translation and processing, cytoskeletal dynamics, and membrane organization. This analysis extends previous work aimed at determining the

composition of herpesvirus virions and provides novel insights critical for understanding the mechanisms underlying PRV entry, assembly, egress, spread, and pathogenesis.”
“In a putative model Ralimetinib molecular weight of acute phencyclidine (PCP)-induced psychosis we evaluated effects of the drug on locomotor activity (LMA) and immediate early gene (IEG) induction in the rat using two routes of drug administration, intraperitoneal (i.p.) and subcutaneous (s.c.). Adult male rats received saline or PCP (1.0-5.0 mg/kg) either i.p or s.c. and were assessed for LMA for 60 min. At the end of the LMA testing animals were culled and blood and brain samples were collected for PCP concentration analysis. Separate cohorts of animals received 5.0 mg/kg PCP (i.p. or s.c.) and were used to investigate (1) the pharmacokinetics of PCP or (2) induction of IEG (Arc, c-fos, BDNF, junB, Krox-20, sgk-1, NURR1, fra-2, Krox-24, and egr-3) mRNA expression in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Administration of PCP resulted in locomotor hyperactivity which was more robust and longer-lasting in animals dosed s.c. compared to i.p.-treated-animals. Differences in hyperlocomotion were paralleled by higher concentrations of PCP in the blood and in the brain of s.c.-treated animals compared to i.p.-treated animals.

The diagnosis of AML-M6 does not impart by itself a worse prognosis, and treatment decisions on this disease should be guided by well known AML prognostic factors. Leukemia (2009) 23, 2275-2280; doi:10.1038/leu.2009.181; published online 10 September 2009″
“Stem cell-based therapy using bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) has been expected to be a promising therapy for neuronal regeneration. To repair the injured spinal cord, neuronal differentiation of MSCs before transplantation has a more satisfactory effect. Recently, neuronal differentiation of neural progenitor/stem cells by an intracellular delivery of a pVHL-derived synthetic peptide (VHL peptide) has been

shown. Here, we show that VHL peptide-delivered MSCs differentiated into neuron-like cells, and that engrafted VHL peptide-delivered MSCs more recovered the behaviors of the rats than that click here of nondelivered MSCs. Our result suggests that the use of VHL peptide-delivered MSCs would be a promising therapeutic strategy for repairing the injured spinal cord.

NeuroReport 21:287-292 (C) 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“Epigenetic code modifications by histone deacetylase inhibitors have recently been proposed as potential new therapies for hematological malignancies. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) remains incurable despite the introduction of new treatments. CLL B cells are characterized by an apoptosis defect rather than excessive proliferation, but proliferation centers have been found in organs such as the bone marrow and lymph nodes. In this study, we analyzed gene expression modifications in CLL B cells after treatment with valproic acid (VPA), a well-tolerated https://www.selleckchem.com/products/azd9291.html anti-epileptic drug with HDAC inhibitory activity. CLL B cells obtained from 14 patients were treated in vitro with a concentration of 1 mM VPA for 4 h. VPA effects on gene expression were thereafter studied using Affymetrix technology, and some identified genes were validated by real-time PCR and western blot. We observed that VPA induced apoptosis by downregulating several anti-apoptotic genes and by upregulating pro-apoptotic genes. Furthermore, VPA significantly

increased chemosensitivity to fludarabine, flavopiridol, bortezomib, check details thalidomide and lenalidomide. VPA inhibited the proliferation of CpG/IL2-stimulated CLL B cells and modulated many cell cycle messenger RNAs. In conclusion, exposure of CLL B cells to VPA induced apoptosis, potentiated chemotherapeutic agent effects and inhibited proliferation. These data strongly suggest the use of VPA in CLL treatment, particularly in combination with antileukemia agents. Leukemia (2009) 23, 2281-2289; doi:10.1038/leu.2009.176; published online 27 August 2009″
“This functional magnetic resonance imaging study presented participants with a face and scene simultaneously on each trial, and assessed the impact of perceptual versus reflective selective attention on activity in parahippocampal place area.

“
“Background: The term acute aortic syndrome (AAS) encompasses a range of conditions that have a risk of imminent aortic rupture and where delays in treatment result in increased mortality. Endovascular treatment offers an attractive alternative to open surgery but little is known about the durability of the repair learn more and the factors that predict mortality.

Methods: Prospective data were collected for a cohort of 110 consecutive patients with endovascular treatment for AAS. Patient and procedural characteristics were related to short- and midterm outcome using rnultivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results: There

were 75 men and 35 women with a median age of 68 (range 57-76) years. The pathologies treated were acute dissection (35), symptomatic aneurysm (32), infected aneurysm (18), transection (12), chronic dissection (9), penetrating Selonsertib in vivo ulcer (3), and intramural hematoma (1). Thirty-day mortality was 12.7% and this was associated with hypotension

(odds ratio [OR], 5.25), use of general anesthetic (OR, 5.23), long procedure duration (OR, 2.03), and increasing age (OR, 1.07). The causes of death were aortic rupture (4), myocardial infarction (4), stroke (3), and multisystenn organ failure (3). The stroke and paraplegia rates were 7.3% and 6.4%, respectively. The 1-year survival was 81% and the 5-year survival 63%. Secondary procedures were required in 13 (11.8%) patients. Factors associated with death at 1 year were presence of an aortic fistula (OR, 9.78), perioperative stroke (OR, 5.87), and use of general anesthetic (OR, 3.76); and at 5 years were aortic fistula (OR, 12.31) and increasing age (OR, 1.06).

Conclusions: Hippo pathway inhibitor Acute aortic syndrome carries significant early and late mortality. Emergency endovascular repair offers a minimally invasive treatment option associated with acceptable short and midterm results. Continued surveillance is important as secondary procedures and aortic-related deaths continue to occur throughout the follow-up period. (J Vasc Surg 2011;54:1580-7.)”
“Respiratory viruses represent

one of the most substantial infectious disease burdens to the human population today, and in particular, seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses pose a persistent threat to public health worldwide. In recent years, advances in techniques used in experimental research have provided the means to better understand the mechanisms of pathogenesis and transmission of respiratory viruses, and thus more accurately model these infections in the laboratory. Here, we briefly review the model systems used to study influenza virus infections, and focus particularly on recent advances that have increased our knowledge of these formidable respiratory pathogens.”
“Inhibition of substance P (SP) activity through the use of NK1 receptor antagonists has been shown to be a promising neuroprotective therapy following traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Sixteen healthy subjects (11 males and five females, aged 20-23 years) participated. Laterality of parietal activity during a mental calculation task was evaluated using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Subjects also performed the mental calculation task pre-, during-, 30 min post-, and 60 min post-tDCS. Bilateral tDCS with the anode over the

left parietal cortex and the cathode over the right parietal cortex shortened response times of the mental calculation task in subjects with left-hemispheric parietal lateralization, but not in subjects with bilateral parietal activation. This indicates that inter-individual variability in laterality of brain activity might be an important factor underlying the effect of bilateral tDCS. In conclusion, bilateral tDCS over the parietal cortex Selleckchem JSH-23 enhanced the performance of mental calculations in subjects with left-hemispheric parietal lateralization. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland

Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Affiliative and agonistic social interactions are mediated by gonadal hormones. Research with estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha) or beta (ER beta) knockout (KO) mice show that long-term inactivation of ER alpha decreases, while inactivation Entospletinib of ER beta increases, male aggression. Opposite effects were found in female alpha ERKO and beta ERKO mice. The role of acute activation of ER alpha or ER beta in the agonistic responses of adult non-KO mice is unknown. We report here the effects of the ERR selective agonist WAY-200070 on agonistic and social behavior in gonadally intact and gonadectomized (gonadex) male and female CD-1 mice towards a gonadex, same-sex

intruder. All 15 min resident-intruder tests were videotaped for comprehensive behavioral analysis. Separate analyses assessed: (1) effects of WAY-200070 on each sex and gonadal condition; (2) differences between sexes, and between gonadally intact and gonadex mice, in untreated animals. Results show that in gonadally intact male and female mice, WAY-200070 increased agonistic VX-661 manufacturer behaviors such as pushing down the intruder and aggressive grooming, while leaving attacks unaffected. In untreated mice, males attacked more than females, and gonadex animals showed less agonistic behavior than same-sex, gonadally intact mice. Overall, our detailed behavioral analysis suggested that in gonadally intact male and female mice, ER beta mediates patterns of agonistic behavior that are not directly involved in attacks. This suggests that specific aspects of aggressive behavior are acutely mediated by ERR in adult mice. Our results also showed that, in resident-intruder tests, female mice spend as much time in intrasexual agonistic interactions as males, but use agonistic behaviors that involve extremely low levels of direct attacks. This non-attack aggression in females is increased by acute activation of ERR.

03 standard units per SD increase

in telomere length; p = 0.04). The magnitude of these estimates was similar to the differences we find in this cohort for women one year apart in age (e.g. the differences that we observe between women who are 73 versus 74 years of age); thus, our results suggest that telomere length is not a particularly powerful marker of impending cognitive Temsirolimus mw decline. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: Management for blunt trauma with breach of the renal capsule or bladder (extraperitoneal) has largely become nonsurgical since a conservative approach proved to be effective and safe. Currently the recommendation for managing testicular rupture is surgical exploration

and debridement or orchiectomy. We report outcomes in boys diagnosed with testicular rupture and treated without surgical intervention.

Materials and Methods: In the last year we conservatively treated 7 consecutive boys with delayed presentation of testicular rupture after blunt scrotal trauma. Patients were treated with scrotal support, antibiotics to prevent abscess, rest, analgesics and serial ultrasound. We report clinical information and outcomes.

Results: The 7 boys were 11 to 14 years old and presented 1 to 5 days after injury. Trauma was to the left testis in 3 cases and to the right testis in 4. Patients Selleckchem Oligomycin A presented with mild to moderate pain and similar scrotal swelling. Ultrasound findings consistently revealed hematocele and increased echogenicity. Blood flow was present in the injured portion of the testes in 3 cases and to the remainder of the affected testicle in 6 of the 7 boys. In the remaining boy an adequate waveform was not seen in either testicle, which the radiologist thought was secondary to prepubertal status. Other findings Galactokinase included scrotal edema, irregular contour and seminiferous tubule extrusion. Followup was greater than 6 months in all cases. Five boys were seen at the office and the 2 remaining had telephone

followup. In all cases hematocele resolved, testicular size stabilized without atrophy and echogenicity normalized in the 5 patients with followup ultrasound. One patient required surgical repair of hydrocele 4 months after trauma but no other patient needed surgical exploration. No abscess or infection developed.

Conclusions: A conservative approach in a select group of adolescent boys with testicular rupture can result in resolution of the fracture and maintenance of testicular architectural integrity.”
“Audition is accepted as more reliable (thus dominant) than vision when temporal discrimination is required by the task. However, it is not known whether the characteristics of the visual stimulus, for example its familiarity to the perceiver, affect auditory dominance. In this study we manipulated familiarity of the visual stimulus in a well-established multisensory phenomenon, i.e., the sound-induced flash illusion.